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Manual: ksh(1)

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Please contact or Mt Xia for assistance with all your shell programming needs.


ksh(1)								       ksh(1)



NAME

  ksh -	Korn shell

SYNOPSIS

  ksh [-ir] [-c	command_string | -s] [+	| -abCefhkmnopstuvx] [+	| -o][option
       ...]
       | [+ | -A name] [argument ...] |	[file] [argument ...]

  The Korn shell is an interactive command interpreter and a command program-
  ming language.

DESCRIPTION

  The Korn shell carries out commands either interactively from	a terminal
  keyboard or from a file.  The	Korn shell is backward compatible with the
  Bourne shell (invoked	with the sh command) and contains virtually all	of
  the Bourne shell features, as	well as	several	of the best features of	the C
  shell.

  Some important features of the Korn shell are	as follows:

    ++  Command aliasing

    ++  Filename	substitution

    ++  Tilde substitution

    ++  Command substitution

    ++  Parameter substitution

    ++  Job control

    ++  Inline editing

  A 
  script, a shell procedure, or	a command file.

  A simple command is a	sequence of words separated by spaces or tabs.	A
  word is a sequence of	characters that	contains no unquoted spaces or tabs.
  The first word in the	sequence (numbered as 0), usually specifies the	name
  of a command.	 Any remaining words, with a few exceptions, are passed	to
  that command.	 A space refers	to both	spaces and tabs.

  The value of a simple	command	is its exit value if it	ends normally, or
  (octal) 200 added to the signal number if it terminates due to a signal.
  For a	list of	status values, see the signal()	system call.

  A pipeline is	a sequence of one or more commands separated by	a | (vertical
  bar) or, for historical compatibility, by a ^	(circumflex).  In a pipeline,
  the standard output of each command becomes the standard input of the	next
  command.  Each command runs as a separate process, and the shell waits for
  the last command to end.  A filter is	a command that reads its standard
  input, transforms it in some way, then writes	it to its standard output.  A
  pipeline normally consists of	a series of filters.  Although the processes
  in a pipeline	(except	the first process) can execute in parallel, they are
  synchronized to the extent that each program needs to	read the output	of
  its predecessor.

  The exit value of a pipeline is the exit value of the	last command.

  A list is a sequence of one or more pipelines	separated by ; (semicolon), &
  (ampersand), && (two ampersands), or || (two vertical	bars) and optionally
  ended	by a ; (semicolon), an & (ampersand), a	|& (coprocess),	or a newline.
  These	separators and terminators have	the following effects:

  ;   Causes sequential	execution of the preceding pipeline; the shell waits
      for the pipeline to finish.

  &   Causes asynchronous execution of the preceding pipeline; the shell does
      not wait for the pipeline	to finish.

  &&  Causes the list following	it to be executed only if the preceding	pipe-
      line returns a 0 (zero) exit value.

  ||  Causes the list following	it to be executed only if the preceding	pipe-
      line returns a nonzero exit value.

      The cd command is	an exception; if it returns a nonzero exit value, no
      subsequent commands in a list are	executed, regardless of	the separator
      characters.

  The ;	and & separators have equal precedence,	as do && and ||.  The
  single-character separators have lower precedence than the double-character
  separators.  An unquoted newline character following a pipeline functions
  the same as a	; (semicolon).

  Comments

  The shell treats as a	comment	any word that begins with a # character	and
  ignores that word and	all characters following up to the next	newline	char-
  acter.

  Shell	Flow Control Statements

  Unless otherwise stated, the value returned by a command is that of the
  last simple command executed in the command.

  for identifier [in word...] ;do list ;done
      Each time	a for command is executed, identifier is set to	the next word
      taken from the in	word list.  If in word ...  is omitted,	the for	com-
      mand executes the	do list	once for each positional parameter that	is
      set.  (See Parameter Substitution.)  Execution ends when there are no
      more words in the	list.

  select identifier [in	word...] ;do list ;done
      Prints on	standard error (file descriptor	2), the	set of words, each
      preceded by a number.  If	in word...  is omitted,	then the positional
      parameters are used instead.  (See Parameter Substitution.) The PS3
      prompt is	printed	and a line is read from	the standard input.  If	this
      line consists of the number of one of the	listed words, then the value
      of the parameter identifier is set to the	word corresponding to this
      number.  If this line is empty, the selection list is printed again.
      Otherwise, the value of the parameter identifier is set to null.	The
      contents of the line read	from standard input is saved in	the REPLY
      parameter.  The list is executed for each	selection until	a break	or
      End-of-File is encountered.

  case word in [[(] pattern [| pattern]	...) list ;;] ...  esac
      Executes the list	associated with	the first pattern that matches word.
      The form of the patterns is the same as that used	for filename genera-
      tion.  (See Filename Generation.)

  if list ;then	list [elif list	;then list] ...	 [;else	list] ;fi
      Executes the list	following if and, if it	returns	a 0 (zero) exit
      status, executes the list	following the first then.  Otherwise, the
      list following elif is executed and, if its value	is 0 (zero), the list
      following	the next then is executed.  Failing that, the else list	is
      executed.	 If no else list or then list is executed, then	the if com-
      mand returns a 0 (zero) exit status.

  while	list ;do list ;done

  until	list ;do list ;done
      Executes the while list repeatedly, and if the exit status of the	last
      command in the list is 0 (zero), executes	the do list; otherwise the
      loop terminates.	If no commands in the do list are executed, then the
      while command returns a 0	(zero) exit status; until can be used in
      place of while to	negate the loop	termination test.

  (list)
      Executes list in a separate environment.	Note that if two adjacent
      open parentheses are needed for nesting, a space must be inserted	to
      avoid arithmetic evaluation as described later.

  {list;}
      Executes list.  Note that	unlike the metacharacters ( and	), { and }
      are reserved words and must be at	the beginning of a line	or after a ;
      (semicolon) in order to be recognized.

  [[expression]]
    
      is TRUE.	See Conditional	Expressions for	a description of expression.

  function identifier {list;}

  identifier.  The	body of	the
      function is the list of commands between { and }.	 (See Functions.)

  time pipeline
      Executes pipeline	 and prints the	elapsed	time as	well as	the user and
      system time on standard error.

  The following	reserved words are recognized only when	they appear, without
  single or double quotes, as the first	word of	a command:

       if      for     case
       then    while   esac
       else    until   function
       elif    do      select
       fi      done    time
       { }     [[ ]]


  Command Aliasing

  The first word of each command is replaced by	the text of an alias (if an
  alias	for this word was defined).  The first character of an alias name can
  be any nonspecial printable character, but the rest of the characters	must
  be the same as for a valid identifier.  The replacement string can contain
  any valid shell script, including the	metacharacters previously listed.
  The first word of each command in the	replaced text, other than any that
  are in the process of	being replaced,	is tested for aliases.	If the last
  character of the alias value is a space, the word following the alias	will
  also be checked for alias substitution.

  Aliases can be used to redefine special built-in commands but	cannot be
  used to redefine the reserved	words previously listed.  Aliases can be
  created, listed, and exported	with the alias command and can be removed
  with the unalias command.  Exported aliases remain in	effect for scripts
  invoked by name, but must be reinitialized for separate invocations of the
  shell.  (See Invocation.)

  Aliasing is performed	when scripts are read, not while they are executed.
  Therefore, for an alias to take effect, the alias definition command has to
  be executed before the command that references the alias is read.

  Aliases are frequently used as shorthand for full pathnames.	An option to
  the aliasing facility	allows the value of the	alias to be automatically set
  to the full pathname of the corresponding command.  These aliases are
  called tracked aliases.

  The value of a tracked alias is defined the first time the corresponding
  command is looked up and becomes undefined each time the PATH	environment
  variable is reset.  These aliases remain tracked so that the next subse-
  quent	reference will redefine	the value.  Several tracked aliases are	com-
  piled	into the shell.	 The -h	flag of	the set	command	makes each referenced
  command name into a tracked alias.

  The following	exported aliases are compiled into the shell, but can be
  unset	or redefined:

       autoload='typeset -fu'
       false='let 0'
       functions='typeset -f'
       hash='alias -t'
       history='fc -l'
       integer='typeset	-i'
       nohup='nohup '
       r='fc -e	-'
       true=':'
       type='whence -v'


  Tilde	Substitution

  After	alias substitution is performed, each word is checked to see if	it
  begins with an unquoted ~ (tilde).  If it does, then the word	up to a	/
  (slash) is checked to	see if it matches a username in	the /etc/passwd	file.
  If a match is	found, the tilde and the matched login name are	replaced by
  the login directory of the matched user.  This is called a tilde substitu-
  tion.	 If no match is	found, the original text is left unchanged.  A tilde
  by itself, or	in front of a /, is replaced by	the value of the HOME parame-
  ter.	A tilde	followed by a +	(plus sign) or - (dash)	is replaced by $PWD
  and $OLDPWD, respectively.

  In addition, tilde substitution is attempted when the	value of a variable
  assignment parameter begins with a tilde.

  Command Substitution

  The standard output from a command enclosed in parentheses preceded by a
  dollar sign $( ) or a	pair of	`` (grave accents) can be used as part or all
  of a word; trailing newlines are removed.  In	the second (archaic) form,
  the string between the grave accents is processed for	special	quoting	char-
  acters before	the command is executed.  (See Quoting.) The command substi-
  tution $(cat file) can be replaced by	the equivalent but faster $(<file).
  Command substitution of most special commands	that do	not perform
  input/output redirection are carried out without creating a separate pro-
  cess.	 An arithmetic expression enclosed in double parentheses preceded by
  a dollar sign	( $(( )) ) is replaced by the value of the arithmetic expres-
  sion within the double parentheses.


  Parameter Substitution

  A parameter is an identifier,	one or more digits, or any of the characters
  *, @,	#, ?, -, $, and	!.  A named parameter (a parameter denoted by an
  identifier) has a value and 0	(zero) or more attributes.  Named parameters
  can be assigned values and attributes	by using the typeset special command.
  The attributes supported by the shell	are described later with the typeset
  special command.  Exported parameters	pass values and	attributes to the
  environment.

  The shell supports a 1-dimensional array facility.  An element of an array
  parameter is referenced by a subscript.  A subscript is denoted by an
  arithmetic expression	enclosed with [	] (brackets).  To assign values	to an
  array, use set -A name value ...  The	value of all subscripts	must be	in
  the range of 0 to 1023.  Arrays need not be declared.	 Any reference to a
  named	parameter with a valid subscript is legal and an array is created if
  necessary.  Referencing an array without a subscript is equivalent to
  referencing the element 0 (zero).

  The value of a named parameter can be	assigned by the	following:

       name=value [ name=value ]

  If the integer attribute, -i,	is set for name, the value is subject to
  arithmetic evaluation, as described later.  Positional parameters, which
  are denoted by a number, can be assigned values with the set special com-
  mand.	 Parameter $0 is set from argument 0 (zero) when the shell is
  invoked.  The	$ (dollar sign)	character is used to introduce substitutable
  parameters.

  ${parameter}
      Reads all	the characters from the	${ (dollar sign	left brace) to the
      matching } (right	brace) as part of the same word	even if	it contains
      braces or	metacharacters.	 The value, if any, of the parameter is	sub-
      stituted.	 The braces are	required when parameter	is followed by a
      letter, digit, or	underscore that	is not to be interpreted as part of
      its name or when a named parameter is subscripted.  If parameter is one
      or more digits, it is a positional parameter.  A positional parameter
      of more than one digit must be enclosed in braces.  If parameter is *
      (asterisk) or @ (at sign), all the positional parameters,	starting with
      $1, are substituted (separated by	a field	separator character).  If an
      array identifier with subscript *	or @ is	used, the value	for each of
      the elements is substituted (separated by	a field	separator character).

  ${#parameter}
      Substitutes the number of	positional parameters if parameter is *	or @;
      otherwise, the length of the value of the	parameter is substituted.

  ${#identifier[*]}
      Substitutes the number of	elements in the	array identifier.

  ${parameter:-word}
      Substitutes the value of parameter if it is set and non-null; other-
      wise, substitute word.

  ${parameter:=word}
      Sets parameter to	word if	it is not set or is null; the value of the
      parameter	is then	substituted.  Positional parameters cannot be
      assigned values in this way.

  ${parameter:?[word]}
      Substitutes the value of parameter if it is set and is non-null; other-
      wise, print word and exit	from the shell.	 If word is omitted, a stan-
      dard message is printed.

  ${parameter:+word}
      Substitute word if parameter is set and is non-null; otherwise, substi-
      tute nothing.

  ${parameter#pattern} | ${parameter##pattern}
      Causes the value of this substitution to be the value of parameter with
      the matched portion deleted if the shell pattern matches the beginning
      of the value of parameter; otherwise the value of	parameter is substi-
      tuted.  In the first form, the smallest matching pattern is deleted and
      in the second form, the largest matching pattern is deleted.

  ${parameter%pattern} | ${parameter%%pattern}
      Causes the value of this substitution to be the value of parameter with
      the matched part deleted if the shell pattern matches the	end of the
      value of parameter; otherwise, substitute	the value of parameter.	 In
      the first	form, the smallest matching pattern is deleted and in the
      second form, the largest matching	pattern	is deleted.

  If the : (colon) is omitted from the previous	expressions, then the shell
  checks only whether parameter	is set or not.

  In the previous expressions, word is not evaluated unless it is to be	used
  as the substituted string, so	that, in the following example,	pwd is exe-
  cuted	only if	d is not set or	is null:

       echo ${d:-$(pwd)}


  The following	parameters are automatically set by the	shell:

  # (hash mark)
     The number	of positional parameters in decimal.

  - (dash)
     Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by the set command.

  ? (question mark)
     The decimal value returned	by the last executed command.

  $ (dollar sign)
     The process number	of this	shell.

  MAIL	file when checking
     for mail.

  ! (exclamation point)
     The process number	of the last background command invoked.

  ERRNO
      The value	of errno as set	by the most recently failed system call.
      This value is system dependent and is intended for debugging purposes.

  LINENO
      The line number of the current line within the script or function	being
      executed.

  OLDPWD
      The previous working directory set by the	cd command.

  OPTARG
      The value	of the last option argument processed by the getopts special
      command.

  OPTIND
      The index	of the last option argument processed by the getopts special
      command.

  PPID
      The process number of the	parent of the shell.

  PWD The present working directory set	by the cd command.

  RANDOM
      Each time	this parameter is referenced, a	random integer,	uniformly
      distributed between 0 and	32767, is generated.  The sequence of random
      numbers can be initialized by assigning a	numeric	value to RANDOM.

  REPLY
      This parameter is	set by the select statement and	by the read special
      command when no arguments	are supplied.

  SECONDS
      Each time	this parameter is referenced, the number of seconds since
      shell invocation is returned.  If	this parameter is assigned a value,
      then the value returned upon reference is	the value that was assigned
      plus the number of seconds since the assignment.

  The following	parameters are used by the shell:

  CDPATH
      The search path for the cd command.

  COLUMNS
      If this variable is set, the value is used to define the width of	the
      edit window for the shell	edit modes and for printing select lists.

  EDITOR
      If the value of this variable ends in emacs, gmacs, or vi	and the
      VISUAL variable is not set, then the corresponding option	(see set
      under Special ksh	Commands) is turned on.

  ENV If this parameter	is set,	then parameter substitution is performed on
      the value	to generate the	pathname of the	script that is executed	when
      the shell	is invoked.  (See Invocation.) This file is typically used
      for alias	and function definitions.

  FCEDIT
      The default editor name for the fc command.

  FPATH
      The search path for function definitions.	 This path is searched when a
      function with the	-u attribute is	referenced and when a command is not
      found.  If an executable file is found, then it is read and executed in
      the current environment.

  IFS Internal field separators, normally spaces, tabs,	and newlines that are
      used to separate command words which result from command or parameter
      substitution and for separating words with the read special command.
      The first	character of the IFS parameter is used to separate arguments
      for the $* substitution.	(See Quoting.)

  HISTFILE
      If this parameter	is set when the	shell is invoked, then the value is
      the pathname of the file that is used to store the command history.
      (See Command Reentry.)

  HISTSIZE
      If this parameter	is set when the	shell is invoked, the number of
      previously entered commands that are accessible by this shell is
      greater than or equal to this number.  The default is 128.

  HOME
      The default argument (home directory) for	the cd command.

  LANG
      Specifies	the locale of your system, which is comprised of three parts:
      language,	territory, and codeset.	 The default locale is the C locale,
      which specifies the value	English	for language, U.S. for territory, and
      ASCII for	codeset.  The locale specified for the LANG variable controls
      the language applied to messages.	 Unless	set explicitly,	the
      LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE, LC_MESSAGES, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, and LC_TIME
      variables	also derive their settings from	the locale set for LANG.

  LC_COLLATE
      Specifies	the collating sequence to use when sorting names and when
      character	ranges occur in	patterns.  The default value is	the collating
      sequence for American English.  If absent, the collating sequence	can
      be taken from the	LANG parameter.	 If both LC_COLLATE and	LANG are
      absent, the ANSI C collating sequence is used.

  LC_CTYPE
      Specifies	the character classification information to use	on your	sys-
      tem.  The	default	value is American English.

  LC_MESSAGES
      Specifies	the language that the system expects for user input of yes
      and no strings.  The default value is American English.

  LC_MONETARY
      Specifies	the monetary format for	your system.  The default value	is
      the monetary format for American English.

  LC_NUMERIC
      Specifies	the numeric format for your system.  The default value is the
      numeric format for American English.

  LC_TIME
      Specifies	the date and time format for your system.  The default value
      is the date and time format for American English.

  LINES
      If this variable is set, the value is used to determine the column
      length for printing select lists.	 Select	lists will print vertically
      until about two-thirds of	LINES lines are	filled.

  LOGNAME
      The name of the user's login account corresponding to the	login name in
      the user database.

  MAIL
      If this parameter	is set to the name of a	mail file and the MAILPATH
      parameter	is not set, the	shell informs you of the arrival of mail in
      the specified file.

  MAILCHECK
      This variable specifies how often	(in seconds) the shell checks for
      changes in the modification time of any of the files specified by	the
      MAILPATH or MAIL parameters.  The	default	value is 600 seconds.  When
      the time has elapsed, the	shell checks before issuing the	next prompt.

  MAILPATH
      A	list of	filenames separated by : (colons).  If this parameter is set,
      the shell	informs	you of any modifications to the	specified files	that
      have occurred within the last MAILCHECK seconds.	Each filename can be
      followed by a ? (question	mark) and a message that is printed.  The
      message will undergo parameter substitution with the parameter, $_
      defined as the name of the file that has changed.	 The default message
      is you have mail in $_.

  NLSPATH
      Specifies	a list of directories to search	to find	message	catalogs.

  PATH
      The search path for commands.  (See Execution.)  You cannot change PATH
      if executing under rsh, except in	.profile.

  PS1 The value	of this	parameter is expanded for parameter substitution to
      define the primary prompt	string which by	default	is the $ (dollar
      sign).  The ! (exclamation point)	in the primary prompt string is
      replaced by the command number.  (See Command Reentry.)

  PS2 Secondary	prompt string, by default > (right angle bracket).

  PS3 Selection	prompt string used within a select loop, by default #?
      (number sign, question mark).

  PS4 The value	of this	parameter is expanded for parameter substitution and
      precedes each line of an execution trace.	 If omitted, the execution
      trace prompt is +	(plus sign).

  SHELL
      The pathname of the shell	is kept	in the environment.

  TMOUT
      If set to	a value	greater	than 0 (zero), the shell terminates if a com-
      mand is not entered within the prescribed	number of seconds after	issu-
      ing the PS1 prompt.  (Note that the shell	can be compiled	with a max-
      imum bound for this value	that cannot be exceeded.)

  VISUAL
      If the value of this variable ends in emacs, gmacs, or vi, the
      corresponding option (see	the set	command	in Special ksh Commands) is
      turned on.

  The shell gives default values to PATH, PS1, PS2, MAILCHECK, TMOUT, and
  IFS, while HOME, SHELL, ENV, and MAIL	are not	set by the shell (although
  HOME is set by the login command).  On some systems, MAIL and	SHELL are
  also set by the login	command.

  Interpretation of Spaces

  After	parameter and command substitution, the	results	of substitutions are
  scanned for the field	separator characters (those found in IFS), and split
  into distinct	arguments where	such characters	are found.  Explicit null
  arguments (``	or '') are retained.  Implicit null arguments (those result-
  ing from parameters that have	no values) are removed.

  Filename Generation

  Following substitution, each command word is scanned for the characters *
  (asterisk), ?	(question mark), and [ ] (brackets), unless the	-f option was
  set.	If one of these	characters appears, the	word is	regarded as a pat-
  tern.	 The word is replaced with lexicographically sorted filenames that
  match	the pattern.  If no filename is	found that matches the pattern,	the
  word is left unchanged.  When	a pattern is used for filename generation,
  the .	(dot) character	at the start of	a filename or immediately following a
  / (slash), as	well as	the / character	itself,	must be	matched	explicitly.
  In other instances of	pattern	matching, the /	and . are not treated spe-
  cially.

  *   Matches any string, including the	null string.

  ?   Matches any single character.

  [...]
      Matches any one of the enclosed characters.  In an expression such as
      [a-z], the - (dash) means	"through" according to the current collating
      sequence.	 The collating sequence	is determined by the value of the
      LC_COLLATE environment variable.	If the first character following the
      [	 (left bracket)	is a ! (exclamation point), then any character not
      enclosed is matched.  A -	can be included	in the character set by	put-
      ting it as the first or last character.

  A pattern_list is a list of one or more patterns separated from each other
  with a | (vertical bar).  Composite patterns can be formed with one or more
  of the following:

  ?(pattern_list)
      Optionally matches any one of the	given patterns.

  *(pattern_list)
      Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns.

  +(pattern_list)
      Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns.

  @(pattern_list)
      Matches exactly one of the given patterns.

  !(pattern_list)
      Matches anything,	except one of the given	patterns.

  Character Classes

  You can use the following notation to	match filenames	within a range indi-
  cation:

       [:charclass:]

  This format instructs	the system to match any	single character belonging to
  charclass; the defined classes correspond to ctype() subroutines as fol-
  lows:

       alnum
       alpha
       cntrl
       digit
       graph
       lower
       print
       punct
       space
       upper
       xdigit

  Your locale might define additional character	properties, such as the	fol-
  lowing:

       [:vowel:]

  The preceding	character class	could be TRUE for a, e,	i, o, u, or y.	You
  could	then use [:vowel] inside a set construction to match any vowel.
  Refer	to The LC_CTYPE	Category section of the	locale file format reference
  page for more	information.


  Quoting

  The following	characters have	a special meaning to the shell and cause ter-
  mination of a	word unless quoted:

       ; & ( ) | ^ < >   

  Each of the metacharacters previously	listed has a special meaning to	the
  shell	and causes termination of a word unless	quoted.	 A character can be
  quoted (that is, made	to stand for itself) by	preceding it with a \
  (backslash).	The pair \newline is ignored.  All characters enclosed
  between a pair of '' (single quotes) are quoted.  A single quote cannot
  appear within	single quotes.

  Inside "" (double quotes) parameter and command substitution occurs and \
  quotes the characters	\, `, ', and $.	 The meaning of	$* and $@ is identi-
  cal when not quoted or when used as a	parameter assignment value or as a
  filename.  However, when used	as a command argument, '$*' is equivalent to
  '$1d$2d. . .', where d is the	first character	of the IFS parameter, whereas
  '$@' is equivalent to	'$1' '$2' . . .	 Inside	`` (grave accents) \
  (backslash) quotes the characters \, `, and $.  If the grave accents occur
  within double	quotes,	then \ also quotes the ' (single quote)	character.

  The special meaning of reserved words	or aliases can be removed by quoting
  any character	of the reserved	word.  The recognition of function names or
  special command names	listed later cannot be altered by quoting them.

  Arithmetic Evaluation

  An ability to	perform	integer	arithmetic is provided with the	let special
  command.  Evaluations	are performed using long arithmetic.  Constants	are
  of the form [base#]n,	where base is a	decimal	number between 2 and 36
  representing the arithmetic base and n is a number in	that base.  If base
  is omitted, then base	10 is used.

  An arithmetic	expression uses	the same syntax, precedence, and associa-
  tivity of expression as the C	language.  All the integral operators, other
  than ++, --, ?:, and , are supported.	 Named parameters can be referenced
  by name within an arithmetic expression without using	the parameter substi-
  tution syntax.  When a named parameter is referenced,	its value is
  evaluated as an arithmetic expression.

  An internal integer representation of	a named	parameter can be specified
  with the -i option of	the typeset special command.  Arithmetic evaluation
  is performed on the value of each assignment to a named parameter with the
  -i attribute.	 If you	do not specify an arithmetic base, the first assign-
  ment to the parameter	determines the arithmetic base.	 This base is used
  when parameter substitution occurs.

  Because many of the arithmetic operators require quoting, an alternative
  form of the let command is provided.	For any	command	that begins with a
  ((, all the characters until a matching )) are treated as a quoted expres-
  sion.	 More precisely, ((...)) is equivalent to let "...".

  Note that ((...)) is a command with a	return value, whereas $((...)) is the
  way to put the string	representation of the value of an arithmetic expres-
  sion into the	command	line (that is, it is like a $ variable).



  Prompting

  When used interactively, the shell prompts with the value of PS1 before
  reading a command.  If at any	time a newline is typed	and further input is
  needed to complete a command,	then the secondary prompt (that	is, the	value
  of PS2) is issued.

  Conditional Expressions

  A conditional	expression is used with	the [[ compound	command	to test
  attributes of	files and to compare strings.  Word splitting and filename
  generation are not performed on the words between [[ and ]].	Each expres-
  sion can be constructed from one or more of the following unary or binary
  expressions:

  -a file
      TRUE, if file exists.

  file exists and is a block-special file.

  file exists and is a character-special file.

  file exists and is a directory.

  file exists.

  file exists and is an ordinary file.

  file exists and has its setgid bit set.

  file exists and its group matches the effective group ID	of
      this process.

  file exists and has its sticky bit set.

  file exists and is a symbolic link.

  -n string
      TRUE, if length of string	is nonzero.

  option is on.

  -O file
      TRUE, if file exists and is owned	by the effective user ID of this pro-
      cess.

  file exists and is a FIFO special file or a pipe.

  file exists and is readable by current process.

  file exists and has size	greater	than 0 (zero).

  file exists and is a socket.

  -t file_des
      TRUE, if file descriptor number file_des is open and associated with a
      terminal device.

  -u file
      TRUE, if file exists and has its setuid bit set.

  file exists and is writable by current process.

  -z string
      TRUE, if length of string	is 0 (zero).

  file1	-nt file2
      TRUE, if file1 exists and	is newer than file2.

  file1	-ot file2
      TRUE, if file1 exists and	is older than file2.

  file1	-ef file2
      TRUE, if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file.

  string = pattern
      TRUE, if string matches pattern.

  string != pattern
      TRUE, if string does not match pattern.

  string1 < string2
      TRUE, if string1 collates	before string2.

  string1 > string2
      TRUE, if string1 collates	after string2.

  expression1 -eq expression2
      TRUE, if expression1 is equal to expression2.

  expression1 is not equal	to expression2.

  expression1 -lt expression2
    

  expression1 -gt expression2
      TRUE, if expression1 is greater than expression2.

  expression1 -le expression2
      TRUE, if expression1 is less than	or equal to expression2.

  expression1 -ge expression2
      TRUE, if expression1 is greater than or equal to expression2.

  A compound expression	can be constructed from	these primitives by using any
  of the following, listed in decreasing order of precedence.

  (expression)
      TRUE, if expression is TRUE.  Used to group expressions.

  expression is FALSE.

  expression1 && expression2
      TRUE, if expression1 and expression2 are both TRUE.

  expression1 || expression2
      TRUE, if either expression1 or expression2 is TRUE.

  Input/Output

  Before a command is executed,	you can	redirect its input and output by
  using	a special notation interpreted by the shell.  The following can
  appear anywhere in a simple command or can precede or	follow a command and
  are not passed on to the invoked command.  Command and parameter substitu-
  tion occurs before word or digit is used, except as noted in the following
  text.	 Filename generation occurs only if the	pattern	matches	a single file
  and interpretation of	spaces is not performed.

  <word
      Use file word as standard	input (file descriptor 0).

  >word
      Use file word as standard	output (file descriptor	1).  If	the file does
      not exist, it is created.	 If the	file exists, and the noclobber option
      is on, this causes an error; otherwise, it is truncated to 0 (zero)
      length.

  >|word
      Sames as >, except that it overrides the noclobber option.

  >>word
      Use file word as standard	output.	 If the	file exists, output is
      appended to it (by first seeking to the End-of-File); otherwise, the
      file is created.

  <>word
      Open file	word for reading and writing as	standard input.

  word, or	to an
      End-of-File.  No parameter substitution, command substitution, or
      filename generation is performed on word.	 The resulting document,
      called a here document, becomes the standard input.  If any character
      of word is quoted, then no interpretation	is placed upon the characters
      of the document; otherwise, parameter and	command	substitution occurs,
      \newline is ignored, and \ must be used to quote the characters \, $,
      `, and the first character of word.  If -	is appended to <<, then	all
      leading tabs are stripped	from word and from the document.

  <&digit
      The standard input is duplicated from file descriptor digit (see
      dup()).  The standard output is duplicated using >& digit.

  <&- The standard input is closed.  The standard output is closed using >&-.

  <&p The input	from the coprocess (or background process) is moved to stan-
      dard input.

  >&p The output to the	coprocess is moved to standard output.

  If one of the	preceding redirections is preceded by a	digit, then the	file
  descriptor number referred to	is that	specified by the digit (instead	of
  the default 0	or 1).	For example:

       ...  2>&1


  means	file descriptor	2 is to	be opened for writing as a duplicate of	file
  descriptor 1.

  The order in which redirections are specified	is significant.	 The shell
  evaluates each redirection in	terms of the (file descriptor, file)
  association at the time of evaluation.  For example:

       ...  1>fname 2>&1


  first	associates file	descriptor 1 with file fname.  It then associates
  file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file descriptor 1 (that is,
  fname).  If the order	of redirections	were reversed, file descriptor 2 is
  associated with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 is) and then	file
  descriptor 1 is associated with file fname.

  If a command is followed by &	and job	control	is not active, the default
  standard input for the command is the	empty /dev/null	file.  Otherwise, the
  environment for the execution	of a command contains the file descriptors of
  the invoking shell as	modified by input/output specifications.

  Environment

  The environment is a list of name-value pairs	that is	passed to an executed
  program in the same way as a normal argument list.  The names	must be	iden-
  tifiers and the values are character strings.	 The shell interacts with the
  environment in several ways.	On invocation, the shell scans the environ-
  ment and creates a parameter for each	name found, giving it the correspond-
  ing value and	marking	it export.  Executed commands inherit the environ-
  ment.	 If you	modify the values of these parameters or create	new ones,
  using	the export or typeset -x commands, they	become part of the environ-
  ment.	 The environment seen by any executed command is thus composed of any
  name-value pairs originally inherited	by the shell, whose values can be
  modified by the current shell, plus any additions that must be noted in the
  export or typeset -x commands.

  When the value of an exported	parameter is changed, the shell	automatically
  exports the new value	to all child processes.	 This behavior is different
  from that of the Bourne shell, sh(1),	which does not automatically re-
  export a changed parameter.

  You can augment the environment for any simple command or function by	pre-
  fixing it with one or	more parameter assignments.  A parameter assignment
  argument is a	word of	the form identifier=value.

  Thus,	the following two expressions are equivalent (as far as	the execution
  of command is	concerned):

       TERM=450	command	argument ...

       (export TERM; TERM=450; command argument	...)


  If the -k flag is set, all parameter assignment arguments are	placed in the
  environment, even if they occur after	the command name.  The following
  first	prints a=b c and then c:

       echo a=b	c
       set -k
       echo a=b	c


  This feature is intended for use with	scripts	written	for early versions of
  the shell; its use in	new scripts is strongly	discouraged.  It is likely to
  disappear someday.

  Functions

  The function reserved	word is	used to	define shell functions.	 Shell func-
  tions	are read in and	stored internally.  Alias names	are resolved when the
  function is read.  Functions are executed like commands with the arguments
  passed as positional parameters.  (See Execution.)

  Functions execute in the same	process	as the caller and share	all files and
  the present working directory	with the caller.  Traps	caught by the caller
  are reset to their default action inside the function.  A trap condition
  that is not caught or	ignored	by the function	causes the function to ter-
  minate and the condition to be passed	on to the caller.  A trap on EXIT set
  inside a function is executed	after the function completes in	the environ-
  ment of the caller.  Ordinarily, variables are shared	between	the calling
  program and the function.  However, the special command typeset used within
  a function defines local variables whose scope includes the current func-
  tion and all functions it calls.

  The special command return is	used to	return from function calls.  Errors
  within functions return control to the caller.

  Function identifiers can be listed with the -f or +f option of the typeset
  special command.  The	text of	functions is also listed with -f.  Function
  can be undefined with	the -f option of the unset special command.

  Ordinarily, functions	are unset when the shell executes a shell script.
  The -xf option of the	typeset	command	allows a function to be	exported to
  scripts that are executed without a separate invocation of the shell.
  Functions that need to be defined across separate invocations	of the shell
  should be specified in the ENV file with the -xf option of typeset.

  Jobs

  If the monitor option	of the set command is turned on, an interactive	shell
  associates a job with	each pipeline.	It keeps a table of current jobs,
  printed by the jobs command, and assigns them	small integer numbers.	When
  a job	is started asynchronously with &, the shell prints a line that looks
  like:

       [1] 1234


  This line indicates that the job, which was started asynchronously, was job
  number 1 and had one (top-level) process, whose process ID was 1234.

  If you are running a job and want to do something else, you can enter	the
  Suspend key sequence (normally , which sends a SIGINT	signal to the
  current job.	The shell then normally	indicates that the job has been
  stopped, and it prints another prompt.  You can then manipulate the state
  of this job, putting it in the background with the bg	command, or run	some
  other	commands and then eventually bring the job back	into the foreground
  with the foreground command fg.  The job suspension takes effect immedi-
  ately, and corresponds to the	Interrupt key sequence in that pending output
  and unread input are discarded.  A special key sequence, , does not
  generate a SIGINT signal until a program attempts to read it.	 (See the
  read() system	call for more information.)  This key sequence can usefully
  be typed ahead when you have prepared	some commands for a job	that you wish
  to stop after	it has read them.

  A job	being run in the background will stop if it tries to read from the
  terminal.  Background	jobs are normally allowed to produce output, but this
  can be disabled by issuing the stty tostop command.  If you set this tty
  option, then background jobs will stop when they try to produce output like
  they do when they try	to read	input.

  There	are several ways to refer to jobs in the shell.	 A job can be
  referred to by the process ID	of any process of the job, or by one of	the
  following:

  %job_number
      The job with the given number.

  %string
      Any job whose command line begins	with string.

  %?string
    

  %%  Current job.

  %+  Equivalent to %%.

  %-  Previous job.

  This shell learns immediately	whenever a process changes state.  It nor-
  mally	informs	you whenever a job becomes blocked so that no further pro-
  gress	is possible, but only just before it prints a prompt.  This is done
  so that it does not otherwise	disturb	your work.

  When the monitor mode	is on, each background job that	is completed triggers
  any trap set for CHLD.

  When you try to leave	the shell while	jobs are stopped or running, you are
  warned that You have stopped(running)	jobs. You can use the jobs command to
  see what they	are.  If you do	this or	immediately try	to exit	again, the
  shell	does not warn you a second time, and the stopped jobs are terminated.

  Signals

  The SIGINT and SIGQUIT signals for an	invoked	command	are ignored if the
  command is followed by & and job monitor option is not active.  Otherwise,
  signals have the values inherited by the shell from its parent (but see
  also the trap	command).

  Execution

  Each time a command is executed, the previous	substitutions are carried
  out.	If the command name matches one	of the special commands	listed later,
  it is	executed within	the current shell process.  Next, the command name is
  checked to see if it matches one of the user-defined functions.  If it
  does,	the positional parameters are saved and	then reset to the arguments
  of the function call.	 When the function is completed	or issues a return,
  the positional parameter list	is restored and	any trap set on	EXIT within
  the function is executed.  The value of a function is	the value of the last
  command executed.  A function	is also	executed in the	current	shell pro-
  cess.	 If a command name is not a special command or a user-defined func-
  tion,	a process is created and an attempt is made to execute the command
  via exec.

  The PATH shell parameter defines the search path for the directory contain-
  ing the command.  Alternative	directory names	are separated by a : (colon).
  The default path is :/usr/bin: (specifying /usr/bin, and the current direc-
  tory in that order).	The current directory can be specified by two or more
  adjacent colons, or by a colon at the	beginning or end of the	path list.
  If the command name contains a / (slash), then the search path is not	used.
  Otherwise, each directory in the path	is searched for	an executable file.

  If the file has execute permission but is not	a directory or an a.out	file,
  it is	assumed	to be a	file containing	shell commands.	 A subshell is
  spawned to read it.  All nonexported aliases,	functions, and named parame-
  ters are removed in this case.  If the shell command file does not have
  read permission, or if the setuid and/or setgid bits are set on the file,
  the shell executes an	agent whose job	it is to set up	the permissions	and
  execute the shell with the shell command file	passed down as an open file.
  A command in parentheses is executed in a subshell without removing nonex-
  ported quantities.

  Command Reentry

  The text of the last HISTSIZE	(default 128) commands entered from a termi-
  nal device is	saved in a history file.  The $HOME/.sh_history	file is	used
  if the HISTFILE variable is not set or is not	writable.  A shell can access
  the commands of all interactive shells that use the same named HISTFILE.
  The fc special command is used to list or edit a portion of this file.  The
  portion of the file to be edited or listed can be selected by	number or by
  giving the first character or	characters of the command.  A single command
  or range of commands can be specified.  If you do not	specify	an editor
  program as an	argument to fc,	then the value of the FCEDIT parameter is
  used.	 If FCEDIT is not defined, then	/usr/bin/ed is used.  The edited com-
  mands	are printed and	reexecuted upon	leaving	the editor.  The editor	name
  - (dash) is used to skip the editing phase and to reexecute the command.
  In this case,	a substitution parameter of the	form old=new can be used to
  modify the command before execution.	For example, if	r is aliased to	'fc
  -e -', then typing `r	bad=good c' reexecutes the most	recent command,	which
  starts with the letter c, replacing the first	occurrence of the string bad
  with the string good.

  Inline Editing Options

  Normally, each command line entered from a terminal device is	simply typed
  followed by a	newline	( or linefeed).	 If the	emacs, gmacs, or vi
  option is active, you	can edit the command line.  To be in any of these
  edit modes, set the corresponding option.  An	editing	option is automati-
  cally	selected each time the VISUAL or EDITOR	variable is assigned a value
  ending in either of these option names.

  The editing features require that the	terminal accept	 as
  carriage-return without linefeed and that a space must overwrite the
  current character on the screen.  ADM	terminal users should set the space-
  advance switch to Space.  Hewlett-Packard series 2621	terminal users should
  set the straps to bcGHxZ etX.

  The editing modes create the impression that the user	is looking through a
  window at the	current	line.  The window width	is the value of	COLUMNS	if it
  is defined, otherwise	it is 80 bytes.	 If the	line is	longer than the	win-
  dow width minus 2, a mark is displayed at the	end of the window to notify
  the user.  As	the cursor moves and reaches the window	boundaries, the	win-
  dow is centered about	the cursor.  The mark is a > (right angle bracket) if
  the line extends on the right	side of	the window, a <	(left angle bracket)
  if the line extends on the left side of the window, and an * (asterisk) if
  the line extends on both sides of the	window.

  The search commands in each edit mode	provide	access to the history file.
  Only strings are matched, not	patterns, although if the leading character
  in the string	is a ^ (circumflex), the match is restricted to	begin at the
  first	character in the line.

  The emacs Editing Mode

  This mode is entered by enabling either the emacs or gmacs option.  The
  only difference between these	two modes is the way they handle .
  To edit, the user moves the cursor to	the point needing correction and then
  inserts or deletes characters	or words as needed.  All the editing commands
  are control characters or escape sequences.  The notation for	control	char-
  acters is ^ (circumflex) followed by the character.  For example, ^F is the
  notation for .  This is entered by pressing f	while holding down
  .   is not depressed.  (The notation ^? indicates .)

  The notation for escape sequences is M- followed by a	character.  For	exam-
  ple, M-f (pronounced Meta f) is entered by pressing  (ASCII 033)	fol-
  lowed	by f.  (M-F would be the notation for  followed by		(cap-
  ital)	F.)

  All edit commands operate from any place on the line (not just at the
  beginning).  Do not press  or	linefeed after edit commands except
  when noted.

   or  or right	arrow key
      Moves the	cursor forward (right) one character.

  
      Moves the	cursor forward one word.  (The emacs editor's definition of a
      word is a	string of characters, consisting of only letters, digits, and
      underscores, and delimited with spaces or	tabs.)

   or  or left arrow key
      Moves the	cursor backward	(left) one character.

  
      Moves the	cursor backward	one word.

  
      Moves the	cursor to the start of the line.

  
      Moves the	cursor to the end of the line.

   character
      Moves the	cursor forward on the current line to the character indicated
      by the character argument.

   character
      Moves the	cursor backward	on the current line to the character indi-
      cated by the character argument.

   Ctrl-x>
      Interchanges the cursor and mark.

  Erase
      Deletes the previous character.  (User-defined Erase character as
      defined by the stty command, often  or #.)

  
      Deletes the current character.

  
      Deletes the current word.

  
      Deletes the previous word.

  
      Deletes the previous word.

  
      Deletes the previous word	(if your Interrupt character is	,
      this command does	not work).

  
      Transposes the current character with next character in emacs mode.
      Transposes two previous characters in gmacs mode.

  
      Capitalizes the current character.

  
      Capitalizes the current word.

  
      Changes the current word to lowercase.

  
      Deletes from the cursor to the end of the	line.  If preceded by a
      numerical	parameter whose	value is less than the current cursor posi-
      tion, deletes from given position	up to the cursor.  If preceded by a
      numerical	parameter whose	value is greater than the current cursor
      position,	deletes	from the cursor	up to given cursor position.

  
      Deletes from the cursor to the mark.

  
      Pushes the region	from the cursor	to the mark on the stack.

  Kill
      Kills the	entire current line.  If two Kill characters are entered in
      succession, all Kill characters from then	on cause a linefeed (useful
      when using paper terminals).  (User-defined Kill character as defined
      by the stty command, often  or @.)

  
      Restores the last	item removed from the line.  (Yanks the	item back to
      the line.)

  
      Performs a linefeed and prints the current line.

  
      (Null character.)	 Sets the mark.

   space>
      Sets the mark.

  
      Executes the current line	(newline).

  
      Executes the current line	(enter).

  EOF The End-of-File character	is processed as	an End-of-File only if the
      current line is null.

  
      Fetches the previous command.  Each time 	is entered, the	pre-
      vious command back in time is accessed.  Moves back one line when	not
      on the first line	of a multiline command.

   or  or down arrow key
      Fetches the least	recent (oldest)	history	line.

  > or  or up arrow key
      Fetches the most recent (youngest) history line.

  
      Fetches the next command line.  Each time	 is entered, the next
      command line forward in time is accessed.

   string
      Reverses the search history for a	previous command line containing
      string.  If an argument of 0 (zero) is given, the	search is forward.
      The string command is terminated by a  or	newline	character.
      If string	is preceded by a ^ (circumflex), the matched line must begin
      with string.  If string is omitted, then the next	command	line contain-
      ing the most recent string is accessed.  In this case, an	argument of 0
      (zero) reverses the direction of the search.

  
      Executes the current line	and fetches the	next line relative to current
      line from	the history file.  (Operate)

  	digits
      Defines the numeric parameter (escape).  The digits are taken as an
      argument to the next command.  The commands that accept a	parameter are
      ,	, , , , , ,
      ,	, , , , _>, ,
      , ,	, ,  and .

  	letter
      Your alias list is searched for an alias by the name _letter and if an
      alias of this name is defined, its value is inserted on the input
      queue.  letter must not be one of	the preceding metafunctions. (Soft-
      key)

   letter
      Your alias list is searched for an alias by the name __letter and	if an
      alias of this name is defined, its value is inserted on the input	queue
      (Soft-key).  This	can be used to program functions keys on many sys-
      tems.

   letter
      Same as  letter.

  
      The last word of the previous command is inserted	on the line.  If pre-
      ceded by a numeric parameter, the	value of this parameter	determines
      which word to insert, rather than	the last word.

  _>
      Same as the  combination.

  
      Attempts filename	generation on the current word.	 An * (asterisk) is
      appended if the word does	not match any file or contain any special
      pattern characters.

  
      Filename completion.  Replaces the current word with the longest common
      prefix of	all filenames matching the current word	with an	asterisk
      appended.	 If the	match is unique, a / (slash) is	appended if the	file
      is a directory, and a space is appended if the file is not a directory.

  
      Lists the	files matching current word pattern if an * (asterisk) were
      appended.

  
      Multiplies the argument of the next command by 4.

  \   Escapes the next character.  Editing characters, the user's Erase,
      Kill, and	Interrupt (normally by using ) characters can be
      entered in a command line	or in a	search string if preceded by a \
      (backslash).  The	backslash removes the next character's editing
      features (if any).

  
      Displays the version of the shell.

  
      Inserts a	# (number sign)	at the beginning of the	line and executes it.
      This causes a comment to be inserted in the history file.

  The vi Editing Mode

  There	are two	typing modes.  Initially, when you enter a command you are in
  the input mode.  To edit, the	user enters control mode by typing 
  (ASCII 033) and moves	the cursor to the place	needing	correction and then
  inserts or deletes characters	or words as needed.  Most control commands
  accept an optional repeat count prior	to the command.	 When in vi mode on
  most systems,	canonical processing is	initially enabled and the command is
  echoed again if the speed is 1200 baud or greater, if	it contains any	con-
  trol characters, or if less than 1 second has	elapsed	since the prompt was
  printed.  The	Escape character terminates canonical processing for the
  remainder of the command and the user	can then modify	the command line.

  This scheme has the advantages of canonical processing with the type-ahead
  echoing of raw mode.	If the option viraw is also set, the terminal always
  has canonical	processing disabled.  This mode	is implicit for	systems	that
  do not support two alternate End-of-Line delimiters, and can be helpful for
  certain terminals.

  Input	Edit Commands

  By default the editor	is in input mode.

  Erase
      (User-defined Erase character as defined by the stty command, often
       or #.) Deletes the previous character.

  
      Deletes the previous space-separated word.

  
      Terminates the shell.

  
      Escapes the next character.  Editing characters and the user's Erase or
      Kill characters can be entered in	a command line or in a search string
      if preceded by a .   removes the next character's	edit-
      ing features (if any).

  \   Escapes the next Erase or	Kill character.

  Motion Edit Commands

  These	commands move the cursor:

  [count]l
      Cursor forward (right) one character.

  [count]w
      Cursor forward one word.	A word is a string of characters delimited by
      spaces or	tabs.

  [count]W
      Cursor to	the beginning of the next word that follows a space.

  [count]e
      Cursor to	the end	of the word.

  [count]E
      Cursor to	end of the current space-delimited word.

  [count]h
      Cursor backward (left) one character.

  [count]b
      Cursor backward one word.

  [count]B
      Cursor to	the preceding space-delimited word.

  [count]|
      Cursor to	the column count.

  [<
    

  [<
    

  [<
      Equivalent to f followed by h.

  [<
      Equivalent to F followed by l.

  [count];
      Repeats count times, the last single character find command: f, F, t,
      or T.

  [count],
      Reverses the last	single character find command count times.

  0   Cursor to	the start of the line.

  ^   Cursor to	the first nonspace character in	the line.

  $   Cursor to	the end	of the line.

  Search Edit Commands

  These	commands access	your command history.

  [count]k
      Fetches the previous command.  Each time k is entered, the previous
      command back in time is accessed.

  [count]-
      Equivalent to k.

  [count]j
      Fetches the next command.	 Each time j is	entered, the next command
      forward in time is accessed.

  [count]+
      Equivalent to j.

  [count]G
      Fetches the command number count.	 The default is	the least recent his-
      tory command.

  /string
      Searches backward	through	history	for a previous command containing the
      specified	string.	 string	is terminated by  or a newline char-
      acter.  If the specified string is preceded by a ^ (circumflex), the
      matched line must	begin with string.  If string is null, the previous
      string is	used.

  ?string
      Same as /	(slash)	except that the	search is in the forward direction.

  n   Searches for next	match of the last pattern to the / or ?	commands.

  N   Searches for next	match of the last pattern to the / or ?	commands, but
      in reverse direction.  Searches the command history for the string
      entered by the previous /	command.

  Text Modification Edit Commands

  These	commands modify	the line.

  a   Enters input mode	and enters text	after the current character.

  A   Appends text to the end of the line.  Equivalent to $a.

  [count]cmotion


  c[count]motion
      Deletes the current character through the	character to which motion
      would move the cursor, and enters	input mode.  If	motion is c, the
      entire line is deleted and input mode is entered.

  C   Deletes the current character through the	end of line, and enters	input
      mode.  Equivalent	to c$.

  S   Equivalent to cc.

  D   Deletes the current character through the	end of line.  Equivalent to
      d$.

  [count]dmotion

  d[count]motion
      Deletes the current character through the	character to which motion
      would move.  If motion is	d, the entire line is deleted.

  i   Enters input mode	and inserts text before	the current character.

  I   Inserts text before the beginning	of the line.  Equivalent to 0i.

  [count]P
      Places the previous text modification before the cursor.

  [count]p
      Places the previous text modification after the cursor.

  R   Enters input mode	and replaces characters	on the screen with the char-
      acters you type, overlay fashion.

  [<
      Replaces the count characters, starting at the current cursor position
    

  [count]x
      Deletes the current character.

  [count]X
      Deletes the preceding character.

  [count].
      Repeats the previous text	modification command.

  [count]~
      Inverts the case of the count characters,	starting at the	current	cur-
      sor position and advancing the cursor.

  [count]_
      Causes the count word of the previous command to be appended and input
      mode entered.  The last word is used if count is omitted.

  *   Causes an	* (asterisk) to	be appended to the current word	and filename
      generation to be attempted.  If no match is found, it rings the bell.
      Otherwise, the word is replaced by the matching pattern and input	mode
      is entered.

  \   Filename completion.  Replaces the current word with the longest common
      prefix of	all filenames matching the current word	with an	* (asterisk)
      appended.	 If the	match is unique, a / (slash) is	appended if the	file
      is a directory; a	space is appended if the file is not a directory.

  Miscellaneous	vi Commands


  [count]ymotion

  y[count]motion
      Yanks the	current	character through the character	to which motion	would
      move the cursor and puts the characters into the delete buffer.  The
      text and cursor are unchanged.

  Y   Yanks from current position to the end of	line.  Equivalent to y$.

  u   Undoes the last text-modifying command.

  U   Undoes all the text-modifying commands performed on the line.

  [count]v
      Returns the command fc -e	${VISUAL:-${EDITOR:-vi}} count in the input
      buffer.  If count	is omitted, the	current	line is	used.

  
      Performs a linefeed and prints the current line.	Effective only in
      control mode.

  
      Executes the current line, regardless of mode (newline).

  
      Executes the current line, regardless of mode (enter).

  #   Sends the	line after inserting a # (number sign) in front	of the line.
      Useful for causing the current line to be	inserted in the	history
      without being executed.

  =   Lists the	filenames that match the current word if an * (asterisk) is
      appended to it.

  @letter
      Searches the alias list for an alias by the name _letter .  If an	alias
      of this name is defined, its value is inserted in	the input queue	for
      processing.

  Special ksh Commands

  The following	simple commands	are executed in	the shell process.
  Input/output redirection is permitted.  Unless otherwise indicated, the
  output is written on file descriptor 1 and the exit status, when there is
  no syntax error, is 0	(zero).

  Commands that	are indicated as command1 or command2 are treated specially
  in the following ways:

    ++  Parameter assignment lists that precede the command remain in effect
       when the	command	completes.

    ++  I/O redirections	are processed after parameter assignments.

    ++  Errors cause a script that contains the commands	so marked to abort.

    ++  Words, following	a command specified as command2	that are in the	for-
       mat of a	parameter assignment, are expanded with	the same rules as a
       parameter assignment.  This means that ~	(tilde)	substitution is	per-
       formed after the	= (equal sign).	 Word splitting	and filename genera-
       tion are	not performed.

  :[argument ...]1
      The command only expands arguments.

  . file [argument ...]1
      Reads the	complete file and executes the commands.  The commands are
      executed in the current shell environment.  The search path specified
      by PATH is used to find the directory containing file.  If any argu-
      ments are	specified, they	become the positional parameters.  Otherwise,
      the positional parameters	are unchanged.	The exit status	is the exit
      status of	the last command executed.

  alias	[-tx] [name[=value ...]]2
      The alias	command	with no	arguments prints the list of aliases in	the
      form name=value on standard output.  An alias is defined for each	name
      whose value is given.  A trailing	space in value causes the next word
      to be checked for	alias substitution.  The -t flag is used to set	and
      list tracked aliases.  The value of a tracked alias is the full path-
      name corresponding to the	given name.  The value becomes undefined when
      the value	of PATH	is reset but the aliases remained tracked.  Without
      the -t flag, for each name in the	argument list for which	no value is
      given, the name and value	of the alias is	printed.  The -x flag is used
      to set or	print exported aliases.	 An exported alias is defined for
      scripts invoked by name.	The exit status	is nonzero if a	name is	given
      without a	value, and no alias was	defined.

  bg [job ...]
      Puts each	specified job into the background.  The	current	job is put
      into the background if job is not	specified.  (See Jobs for a descrip-
      tion of the format of job.)

  for, while, until, or select loop, if any.  If
      n	is specified, breaks n levels.

  for, while, until, or
      select loop.  If n is specified, resumes at the nth enclosing loop.

  cd [argument]

  argument.  If argument is a - (dash),
      the directory is changed to the previous directory.  The HOME shell
      parameter	is the default argument.  The PWD parameter is set to the
      current directory.  The CDPATH shell parameter defines the search	path
      for the directory	containing argument.  Alternative directory names are
      separated	by a : (colon).	 The default path is a null string, specify-
      ing the current directory.  Note that the	current	directory is
      specified	by a null pathname, which can appear immediately after the =
      (equal sign) or between the colon	delimiters anywhere else in the	path
      list.

      If argument begins with a	/ (slash), the search path is not used.	 Oth-
      erwise, each directory in	the path is searched for argument.  The
      second form of cd	substitutes the	string new for the string old in the
      current directory	name PWD and tries to change to	this new directory.
      The cd command cannot be executed	by rsh.

  echo [argument ...]
      Writes arguments to standard output.

  eval [argument ...]1
      The arguments are	read as	input to the shell and the resulting commands
      are executed.

  exec [argument ...]1
      If argument is given, the	command	specified by the arguments is exe-
      cuted in place of	this shell without creating a new process.
      Input/output arguments can appear	and affect the current process.	 If
      no arguments are given, the effect of this command is to modify file
      descriptors as prescribed	by the input/output redirection	list.  In
      this case, any file descriptor numbers greater than 2 that are opened
      with this	mechanism are closed when invoking another program.

  n.  If	n is
      omitted, the exit	status is that of the last command executed.  An
      End-of-File also causes the shell	to exit, except	for a shell which has
      the ignoreeof option (see	set) turned on.

  export [name[=value ...]]2

  export -p
      The given	names are marked for automatic export to the environment of
    
      and values of all	exported variables, one	per line, in the format
	   export variable=value


































  fc [-r] [-e editor] [first [last]]

  fc -l	[-nr] [first [last]]

  fc -s	[old=new] [command ]
      In the first two forms, a	range of commands from first to	last is
      selected from the	last HISTSIZE commands that were entered at the	ter-
      minal.  The arguments first and last can be specified as a number	or as
      a	string.	 A string is used to locate the	most recent command that
      starts with the given string.  A negative	number is used as an offset
      to the current command number.

      In the first form	the editor program editor is invoked on	a file con-
      taining these keyboard commands. In the second form, the commands	are
      listed on	standard output	and no editor is invoked.

      In the first form, if editor is not supplied, the	value of the parame-
      ter FCEDIT (default /usr/bin/ed) is used as the editor.  When editing
      is complete, the edited commands are executed.  If last is not speci-
      fied, then it is set to first.  If first is not specified, the default
      is the previous command for editing and -16 for listing. The -r flag
      reverses the order of the	commands and the -n flag suppresses command
      numbers when listing.  In	the third form,	command	is reexecuted,
      without invoking the editor, after the optional substitution old=new is
      performed.

  fg [job ...]
      Each job specified is brought to the foreground.	Otherwise, the
      current job is brought into the foreground.  (See	Jobs for a descrip-
      tion of the format of job.)

  getopts optstring name [argument ...]
      Checks argument for legal	options.  If argument is omitted, the posi-
      tional parameters	are used.  An option argument begins with a + (plus
      sign) or a - (dash).  An option not beginning with + or -	or the argu-
      ment -- ends the options.	 The optstring special command contains	the
      letters that getopts recognizes.	If a letter is followed	by a :
      (colon), that option is expected to have an argument.  The options can
      be separated from	the argument by	spaces.	 The getopts special command
      places the next option letter it finds inside variable name each time
      it is invoked with a + prepended when argument begins with a +.  The
      index of the next	argument is stored in OPTIND.

      The option argument, if any, gets	stored in OPTARG.  A leading : in
      optstring	causes getopts to store	the letter of an invalid option	in
      OPTARG, and to set name to a ? (question mark) for an unknown option
      and to : when a required option is missing.  Otherwise, getopts prints
      an error message.	 The exit status is nonzero when there are no more
      options.

  hash [-r]
      Without the flag,	equivalent to alias -t.	The -r flag empties the	list
      of tracked aliases.

  inlib	library_name
      This command is no longer	supported.  See	the loader(5) reference	page
      for information on using shared libraries.

  jobs [-lnp] [job ...]
      Lists information	about each given job; or all active jobs if job	is
      omitted.	The -l flag lists process IDs in addition to the normal
      information.  The	-n flag	only displays jobs that	have stopped or
      exited since last	notified.  The -p flag causes only the process group
      to be listed.  (See Jobs for a description of the	format of job.)

  kill [-signal] job ...

  kill -l
      Sends either the TERM signal or the specified signal to the specified
      jobs or processes.  Signals are either given by number or	by names (as
      given in /usr/include/signal.h, stripped of the prefix SIG).  If the
      signal being sent	is TERM	(terminate) or HUP (hangup), the job or	pro-
      cess is sent a CONT (continue) signal if it is stopped.  The argument
      job can be the process ID	of a process that is not a member of one of
      the active jobs.	(See Jobs for a	description of the format of job.) In
      the second form, kill -l,	the signal numbers and names are listed.
























































  let argument ...
      Each argument is a separate arithmetic expression	to be evaluated.
      (See Arithmetic Evaluation for a description of arithmetic expression
      evaluation.)  The	exit status is 0 (zero)	if the value of	the last
      expression is nonzero, and 1 otherwise.

  newgrp [-] [group]
      Changes the primary group	identification of the current shell process
      to group.	 If you	specify	a - (dash), newgrp changes the login environ-
      ment to the login	environment of the new group.  If you do not specify
      a	group, newgrp changes the group	identification to that specified for
      the current user in the /etc/passwd file.	 The newgrp command recog-
      nizes group names	only; it does not recognize group ID numbers.

      Only a user with superuser authority can change the primary group	of
      the shell	to one to which	that user does not belong.

      Any active user-generated	shell is terminated when the newgrp command
      is used.

  print	[-Rnprsu[n]] [argument ...]
      The shell	output mechanism.  With	no flags or with flag -	or --, the
      arguments	are printed on standard	output as described by echo.  In raw
      mode, -R or -r, the escape conventions of	echo are ignored.  The -R
      option prints all	subsequent arguments and options other than -n.

      The -p option causes the arguments to be written onto the	pipe of	the
      process spawned with |& instead of standard output.  The -s option
      causes the arguments to be written onto the history file instead of
      standard output.	The -u flag can	be used	to specify a 1-digit file
    
      1.  If the -n flag is used, no newline is	added to the output.

  pwd Equivalent to print -r - $PWD.

  read [-prsu[n]] [name?prompt]	[name ...]
      The shell	input mechanism.  One line is read and is broken up into
      fields using the characters in IFS as separators.	 In raw	mode, a	\
      (backslash) at the end of	a line does not	signify	line continuation.
      The first	field is assigned to the first name, the second	field to the
      second name, and so on, with leftover fields assigned to the last	name.
      The -p flag causes the input line	to be taken from the input pipe	of a
      process spawned by the shell using |&.  If the -s	flag is	present, the
      input is saved as	a command in the history file.	The -u flag can	be
      used to specify a	1-digit	file descriptor	unit to	read from.  The	file
      descriptor can be	opened with the	exec special command.  The default
      value of n is 0 (zero).  If name is omitted, REPLY is used as the
      default name.  The exit status is	0 (zero) unless	an End-of-File is
      encountered.  An End-of-File with	the -p flag causes cleanup for this
      process so that another can be spawned.  If the first argument contains
      a	? (question mark), the remainder of this word is used as a prompt on
      standard error when the shell is interactive.  The exit status is	0
      (zero) unless an End-of-File is encountered.

  readonly [name[=value	...]]2

  readonly -p
      The variables whose names	are given are marked read-only.	These vari-
      ables can	not be unset or	changed	by subsequent assignment. The -p flag
      outputs the names	and values of all readonly variables, one per line,
      in the format
	   readonly variable=value

  n.  If	n is omitted, the return status	is
      that of the last command executed.  If return is invoked while not in a
      function or a . (dot) script, it is the same as an exit.

  rmlib	library_name
      This command is no longer	supported.  See	the loader(5) reference	page
      for information on using shared libraries.




























































  set [+ | -abCefhkmnopstuvx] [+ | -o option ...] \

  [+ | -A name]	[argument ...]
      Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. These flags
      can also be used upon invocation of the shell.  The flags	for the	set
      command have the following meanings:

      -A name
	  Array	assignment.  Unsets the	variable name and assign values
	  sequentially from the	list argument.	If +A is used, the variable
	  name is not unset first.

      -a  Automatically	exports	subsequent parameters that are defined.

      -b  Causes the shell to notify the user asynchronously of	background
	  job completions.

      -C  Prevent existing files from being overwritten	by the shell's >
	  redirection operator;	the >| redirection operator overrides this
	  noclobber option for an individual file.

      -e  If a command has a nonzero exit status, executes the ERR trap, if
	  set, and exits.  This	mode is	disabled while reading profiles.

      -f  Disables filename generation.

      -h  Each command becomes a tracked alias when first encountered.

      -k  All parameter	assignment arguments are placed	in the environment
	  for a	command, not just those	that precede the command name.

      -m  Background jobs will run in a	separate process group and a line
	  will print upon completion.  The exit	status of background jobs is
	  reported in a	completion message.  On	systems	with job control,
	  this flag is turned on automatically for interactive shells.

      -n  Reads	commands and checks them for syntax errors, but	does not exe-
	  cute them.  Ignored for interactive shells.

      -o  The argument can be one of the following option names:

	  allexport
	      Same as a.

	  errexit
	      Same as e.

	  bgnice
	      Runs all background jobs at a lower priority.  This is the
	      default mode.

	  emacs
	      Invokes an emacs style inline editor for command entry.

	  gmacs
	      Invokes a	gmacs-style inline editor for command entry.

	  ignoreeof
	      The shell	does not exit on End-of-File.  The exit	command	must
	      be used.

	  keyword
	      Same as k.

	  markdirs
	      All directory names resulting from filename generation have a
	      trailing / (slash) appended.

	  monitor
	      Same as m.

	  noclobber
	      Prevents redirection > from truncating existing files.
	      Requires >| to truncate a	file when turned on.

	  noexec
	      Same as n.

	  noglob
	      Same as f.

	  nolog
	      Does not save function definitions in history file.

	  nounset
	      Same as u.

	  privileged
	      Same as p.

	  verbose
	      Same as v.

	  trackall
	      Same as h.

	  vi  Invokes, in insert mode, a vi-style inline editor	until you
	      press Escape (ASCII 033).	 This changes to move mode.  A return
	      sends the	line.

	  viraw
	      Each character is	processed as it	is entered in vi mode.

	  xtrace
	      Same as x.

	      If no option name	is supplied, then the current option settings
	      are printed.

      -p  Disables processing of the $HOME/.profile file and uses the
	  /etc/suid_profile file instead of the	ENV file.  This	mode is	on
	  whenever the effective user ID or group ID is	not equal to the real
	  user ID or group ID.	Turning	this off causes	the effective user ID
	  and group ID to be set to the	real user ID and group ID.

      -s  Sorts	the positional parameters.

      -t  Exits	after reading and executing one	command.

      -u  Treats unset parameters as an	error when substituting.

      -v  Prints shell input lines as they are read.

      -x  Prints commands and their arguments as they are executed.

      -	  Unsets x and v flags and stops examining arguments for flags.

      --  Does not change any of the flags; useful in setting $1 to a value
	  beginning with -.  If	no arguments follow this flag, the positional
	  parameters are unset.

	  These	flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell.  The
	  current set of flags can be found in $-.  Unless -A is specified,
	  the remaining	arguments are positional parameters and	are assigned,
	  in order, to $1 $2 ....  If no arguments are given, the names	and
	  values of all	named parameters are printed on	the standard output.
	  If the only argument is +, the names of all named parameters are
	  printed.

  $n+1 ...  are renamed $1 ...; the
      default n	is 1.  The argument n can be any arithmetic expression that
      evaluates	to a nonnegative number	less than or equal to $#.

  times1
      Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for
      processes	run from the shell.

  trap [argument] [signal ...]1
      The argument variable specifies a	command	to be read and executed	when
      the shell	receives the specified signals.	 (Note that argument is
      scanned once when	the trap is set	and once when the trap is taken.)
      Each signal can be given as a number or as the name of the signal.
      Trap commands are	executed in order of signal number.  Any attempt to
      set a trap on a signal that was ignored on entry to the current shell
      is ineffective.

      If argument is omitted or	is -, all traps	signal are reset to their
      original values.	If argument is the null	string,	this signal is
      ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.  If signal is ERR,
      argument is executed whenever a command has a nonzero exit status.  If
      signal is	DEBUG, argument	is executed after each command.	 If signal is
      0	or EXIT	and the	trap statement is executed inside the body of a	func-
      tion, the	command	argument is executed after the function	completes.
      If signal	is 0 (zero) or EXIT for	a trap set outside any function, the
      command argument is executed on exit from	the shell.  The	trap command
      with no arguments	prints a list of commands associated with each signal
      number.

  typeset [+ | -HLRZfilrtux[n]]	[name[=value ...]]2
      Sets attributes and values for shell parameters.	When invoked inside a
      function,	a new instance of the parameter	name is	created.  The parame-
      ter value	and type are restored when the function	completes.  The	fol-
      lowing list of attributes	can be specified:

      -f  The names refer to function names rather than	parameter names.  No
	  assignments can be made and the only other valid flags are -t, -u,
	  and -x.  The -t flag turns on	execution tracing for this function.
	  The -u flag causes this function to be marked	undefined.  The	FPATH
	  variable is searched to find the function definition when the	func-
	  tion is referenced.  The -x flag allows the function definition to
	  remain in effect across shell	procedures invoked by name.

      -H  Provides system-to-hostname file mapping on machines that restrict
	  the set of characters	in filenames.

    
	  nonzero, it defines the output arithmetic base; otherwise, the
	  first	assignment determines the output base.

      -l  All uppercase	characters are converted to lowercase.	The uppercase
	  -u flag is turned off.

    
	  nonzero, it defines the width	of the field; otherwise, it is deter-
	  mined	by the width of	the value of first assignment.	When the
	  parameter is assigned, it is filled on the right with	spaces or
	  truncated, if	necessary, to fit into the field.  Leading zeros are
	  removed if the -Z flag is also set.  The -R flag is turned off.

      -r  The given names are marked read-only and these names cannot be
	  changed by subsequent	assignment.

    
	  defines the width of the field; otherwise, it	is determined by the
	  width	of the value of	first assignment.  The field is	left-filled
	  with spaces or truncated from	the end	if the parameter is reas-
	  signed.  The L flag is turned	off.

      -t  Tags the named parameters.  Tags are user definable and have no
	  special meaning to the shell.

      -u  All lowercase	characters are converted to uppercase characters.
	  The lowercase	-l flag	is turned off.

      -x  The given names are marked for export.

      -Z  Right	justifies and fills with leading zeros if the first nonspace
	  c
	  it defines the width of the field; otherwise,	it is determined by
	  the width of the value of first assignment.

      Using + (plus sign) rather than -	(dash) causes these flags to be
      turned off.  If no name arguments	are given but flags are	specified, a
      list of names (and optionally the	values)	of the parameters that have
      these flags set is printed.  (Using + rather than	- keeps	the values
      from being printed.)  If no names	and flags are given, the names and
      attributes of all	parameters are printed.

  ulimit [-HSacdfmnstvw] [limit]
      Sets or displays a resource limit.  Available resources limits follow.
      Many systems do not contain one or more of these limits.	The limit for
      a	specified resource is set when limit is	specified.  The	value of
      limit can	be a number in the unit	specified with each resource, or the
      value unlimited.

      The H and	S flags	specify	whether	the hard limit or the soft limit for
      the given	resource is set.  A hard limit cannot be increased once	it is
      set.  A soft limit can be	increased up to	the value of the hard limit.
      If neither H nor S is specified, the limit applies to both.  The
      current resource limit is	printed	when limit is omitted.	In this	case,
      the soft limit is	printed	unless H is specified.	When more than one
      resource is specified, the limit name and	unit are printed before	the
      value.

      -a  Lists	all of the current resource limits.

      -c  The number of	512-byte blocks	on the size of core dumps.

      -d  The number of	Kilobytes on the size of the data area.

      -f  The number of	512-byte blocks	on files written by child processes
	  (files of any	size can be read).

      -m  The number of	Kilobytes on the size of physical memory.

      -n  The number of	file descriptors.

      -s  The number of	Kilobytes on the size of the stack area.

      -t  The number of	seconds	to be used by each process.

      -v  The number of	Kilobytes for virtual memory.  Note:  This option is
	  supported only if RLIMIT_VMEM	has been defined in
	  /usr/include/sys/resource.h.

      -w  The number of	Kilobytes for the swap area.  Note:  This option is
	  supported only if RLIMIT_SWAP	has been defined in
	  /usr/include/sys/resource.h.

	  If no	option is given, -f is assumed.

  umask	[-S] [mask]
      The user file-creation mask is set to mask  (See umask.)	mask can
      either be	an octal number	or a symbolic value as described in chmod.
      If a symbolic value is given, the	new umask value	is the complement of
      the result of applying mask to the complement of the previous umask
      value.  If mask is omitted, the current value of the mask	is printed.

      -S  Produces Symbolic output

  unalias name ...

  unalias -a
      The parameters given by the list of names	are removed from the alias
      list.  The unalias -a command removes all	aliases	from the current
      shell execution environment.

  unset	[-fv] name ...
      The variables or functions given by the list of names are	unassigned,
      that is, their values and	attributes are erased.	Read-only variables
      cannot be	unset.	If the -f flag is specified, the names refer to	func-
      tion names.  If no flags or the -v flag is specified, the	names refer
      to variables.  Unsetting ERRNO, LINENO, MAILCHECK, OPTARG, OPTIND, RAN-
    
      are subsequently assigned.

  wait [job]
      Waits for	the specified job and reports its termination status.  If job
      is not given, all	currently active child processes are waited for.  The
      exit status from this command is that of the process waited for.	(See
      Jobs for a description of	the format of job.)

  whence [-pv] name ...
      For each name, indicates how it would be interpreted if used as a	com-
      mand name.  The -v flag produces a more verbose report.  The -p flag
      does a path search for name even if name is an alias, a function,	or a
      reserved word.

  Invocation

  If the shell is invoked by exec, and the first character of argument zero
  ($0) is - (dash), the	shell is assumed to be a login shell and commands are
  read from /etc/profile and then from either .profile in the current direc-
  tory or $HOME/.profile, if either file exists.  Next,	commands are read
  from the file	named by performing parameter substitution on the value	of
  the ENV environment variable,	if the file exists.  If	the -s flag is not
  present and argument is present, a path search is performed on the first
  argument to determine	the name of the	script to execute.  The	script argu-
  ment must have read permission and any setuid	and getgid settings are
  ignored.  Commands are then read, as described in the	following text.


  See the FLAGS	section	for a complete description of flags that can be
  interpreted by the shell when	it is invoked.




FLAGS

  -c command_string
      Causes ksh to read commands from command_string.

  -i  Causes ksh to run	as an interactive shell.  The SIGTERM signal is	thus
      ignored, and the SIGINT signal is	caught,	causing	the current command
      to be terminated and a new prompt	to be output.

  -r  Causes ksh to run	as a restricted	shell.

  -s  Causes ksh to read commands from standard	input.	If you do not specify
      the -c flag or do	not specify any	arguments to ksh other than flags,
      ksh automatically	invokes	the -s flag.  The -c flag overrides the	-s
      flag, however.

  The rest of the flags	that can be used with ksh are described	under the set
  subcommand in	the subsection Special ksh Commands.

NOTES

   1.  If a command is executed, and a command with the	same name is
       installed in a directory	in the search path before the directory	where
       the original command was	found, the shell will execute the original
       command.	 Use the hash command to correct this situation.

   2.  When the	shell encounters the >>	characters, it does not	open the file
       in append mode; instead,	the shell opens	the file for writing and
       seeks to	the end.

   3.  Failure (nonzero	exit status) of	a special command preceding a || sym-
       bol prevents the	list following || from executing.

   4.  If a command that is a tracked alias is executed, and then a command
       with the	same name is installed in a directory in the search path
       before the directory where the original command was found, the shell
       continues to exec the original command.	Use the	-t flag	of the alias
       command to correct this situation.

   5.  Using the fc built-in command within a compound command causes the
       whole command to	disappear from the history file.

   6.  The built-in .file command reads	the whole file before any commands
       are executed.  Therefore, the alias and unalias commands	in the file
       do not apply to any functions defined in	the file.

   7.  Traps are not processed while a job is waiting for a foreground pro-
       cess.  Thus, a trap on CHLD is not executed until the foreground	job
       terminates.

RETURN VALUES

  Errors detected by the shell,	such as	syntax errors, cause the shell to
  return a nonzero exit	status.	 Otherwise, the	shell returns the exit status
  of the last command executed.	 (See also the exit command, described previ-
  ously.)  If the shell	is being used noninteractively,	execution of the
  shell	file is	abandoned.  Run-time errors detected by	the shell are
  reported by printing the command or function name and	the error condition.
  If the line number that the error occurred on	is greater than	1, the line
  number is also printed in [ ]	(brackets) after the command or	function
  name.

FILES

  /etc/profile
	     System profile.

  $HOME/.profile
	     User profile.

  /etc/passwd
	     Contains user information.

RELATED	INFORMATION

  Commands:  cat(1), cd(1), chmod(1), csh(1), echo(1), env(1)/printenv(1),
  sh(1), stty(1), test(1), vi(1)/vedit(1)/view(1).

  Functions:  exec(2), fcntl(2), fork(2), ioctl(2), lseek(2), pipe(2), sigac-
  tion(2), umask(2), wait(2).

  Routines: rand(3), ulimit(3).

  Files:  null(7).

  Miscellaneous:  loader(5)

-
Manual: ksh(1)
-
 

Introduction
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Chapter 2a
Chapter 2b
Chapter 3
Chapter 4a
Chapter 4b
Chapter 5a
Chapter 5b
Chapter 6a
Chapter 6b
Chapter 6c
Chapter 7a
Chapter 7b
Chapter 8
Chapter 9a
Chapter 9b
Manual: ar(1)
Manual: cb(1)
Manual: cc(1)
Manual: expr(1)
Manual: f77(1)
Manual: ftp(1)
Manual: ksh(1)
Manual: lint(1)
Manual: sh(1)
Manual: test(1)
Manual: time(1)


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