Manual: cc(1)
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cc(1) cc(1)
NAME
cc, c89 - C compiler
SYNOPSIS
cc [flag] ... file ...
DESCRIPTION
The cc command invokes the DEC OSF/1 C compiler and produces files in the
following formats: object code in extended COFF format (the normal result),
binary or symbolic ucode, ucode object files, and binary or symbolic assem-
bly language. The cc command can also invoke the linker (ld) or the assem-
bler (as).
By using the -migrate compilation flag, you can take advantage of the DEC C
compilation environment. The DEC C compiler is the same DEC C compiler on
other platforms. The default DEC OSF/1 C compiler uses ucode optimization
techniques and produces ucode output, while the DEC C compiler uses other
optimizations. Both compilers however, produce object files that comply
with the common object file format (COFF).
If you performed a full installation of DEC OSF/1, then DEC C is part of
your system. Otherwise, you will have to install DEC C using the setld com-
mand. For more information on installing subsets see the Programming Sup-
port Tools manual and the Installation Guide. For a complete listing of
DEC C flags on DEC OSF/1, see the description of -migrate.
The cc command accepts several types of arguments:
++ Arguments whose names end with .c are assumed to be C source programs.
They are compiled, and each object program is left in the file whose
name consists of the last component of the source with .o substituted
for .c. The .o file is deleted only when a single source program is
compiled and loaded all at once.
++ Arguments whose names end with .s are assumed to be symbolic assembly
language source programs. They are assembled, producing a .o file.
++ Arguments whose names end with .i are assumed to be C source files
after being processed by the C preprocessor. They are compiled
without being processed by the C preprocessor.
++ If the highest level of optimization is specified (with the -O3 flag)
or only ucode object files are to be produced (with the -j flag), each
C source file is compiled into a ucode object file. The ucode object
file is left in a file whose name consists of the last component of
the source with .u substituted for .c.
++ The following suffixes primarily aid compiler development and are not
generally used. Arguments whose names end with .B, .O, .S, and .M are
assumed to be binary ucode, produced by the front end, optimizer,
ucode object file splitter and ucode merger, respectively. Arguments
whose names end with .U are assumed to be symbolic ucode. Arguments
whose names end with .G are assumed to be binary assembly language,
which is produced by the code generator and the symbolic to binary
assembler.
++ Files that are assumed to be binary ucode, symbolic ucode, or binary
assembly language by the suffix conventions are also assumed to have
their corresponding symbol table in a file with a .T suffix.
The cc compiler defines the C preprocessor macro unix to the C macro
preprocessor and defines the C preprocessor macro LANGUAGE_C when compiling
a .c file with the -std0 flag, which is the default. The cc compiler
defines the C preprocessor macro LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY when compiling a .s
file. In addition, the cc compiler defines the preprocessor macro
__LANGUAGE_C__ for files with the .c suffix and the preprocessor macro
__LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY__ for files with the .s suffix.
The following table shows which macros are defined for each of the -std
flags.
______________________________________________
Macro std0 std std1
(default)
______________________________________________
LANGUAGE_C yes no no
__LANGUAGE_C__ yes yes yes
unix yes no no
__unix__ yes yes yes
__osf__ yes yes yes
__alpha yes yes yes
SYSTYPE_BSD yes no no
_SYSTYPE_BSD yes yes yes
LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY yes yes yes
__LANGUAGE_ASSEMBLY__ yes yes yes
______________________________________________
You can explicitly define the following macros with the -D flag to control
which functions are declared in header files and obtain standards confor-
mance checking:
_________________________________
Macro Standard
_________________________________
_XOPEN_SOURCE XPG4
_POSIX_SOURCE POSIX
_ANSI_C_SOURCE ISO C and ANSI C
_________________________________
These macros are hierarchical, so that _ANSI_C_SOURCE is included in
_POSIX_SOURCE, and _POSIX_SOURCE is included in _XOPEN_SOURCE.
While the -D flag controls which functions are declared in header files,
th
standard. For strict ISO C and ANSI C conformance, the compiler command
line must include the -std1 flag.
The following flags can be used together or individually to improve run-
time performance. Please note that using these flags might cause a reduc-
tion in accuracy or adherence to standards. See the -migrate section for a
listing of flags that will improve performance in the DEC C environment.
++ -D_INTRINSICS
++ -O3
FLAGS
The following flags are interpreted by cc. See ld(1) for the link-time
flags.
-assume [no]accuracy_sensitive
Specify whether certain code transformations that affect floating-point
operations are allowed. These changes may affect the accuracy of the
program's results.
The noaccuracy_sensitive qualifier frees the compiler to reorder
floating-point operations based on algebraic identities (inverses,
associativity, and distribution). This allows the compiler to move
divide operations outside of loops, which improves performance.
The accuracy_sensitive qualifier, the default, directs the compiler to
use only certain scalar rules for calculations. This setting can
prevent some optimizations. If you specify -assume
noaccuracy_sensitive, the compiler might reorder code (based on alge-
braic identities) to improve performance. The results can be different
from the default (-assume accuracy_sensitive) because of how the inter-
mediate results are rounded. However, the noaccuracy_sensitive results
are not categorically less accurate than those gained by the default.
-c Suppress the loading phase of the compilation and force an object file
to be produced.
-call_shared
Produce dynamic executable file that uses shareable objects during run-
time. This is the default. The loader uses shareable objects to
resolve undefined symbols. The run-time loader (/sbin/loader) is
invoked to bring in all required shareable objects and to resolve any
symbols that remained undefined during static link time.
-compress
Pass the -compress flag to as if the -c flag is present, or the
-compress_r flag to ld if the -r flag is present. Use of this flag
causes the output object file to be produced in compressed object file
format, resulting in a substantially smaller object file.
-cord
Run the procedure rearranger, cord, on the resulting file after link-
ing. The rearrangement is done to reduce the cache conflicts of the
program's text. The output of cord is left in the file specified by
the -o output flag or a.out by default. At least one -feedback file
must be specified.
-cpp
Run the C macro preprocessor on C and assembly source files before com-
piling. This is the default for cc. Not applicable to -migrate flag.
-C This flag is passed directly to cpp.
-Dname
-Dname=def
Define the name to the C macro preprocessor, as if by a #define
statement. If no definition is given, the name is defined as 1.
-edit[0-9]
Invoke the editor of choice (as defined by the environment variable
EDITOR, or vi if EDITOR is not defined) when syntax or semantic errors
are detected by the compiler's front end. When compiling on a
character based terminal, the compile job has to be in the foreground
for this flag to take effect. For compile jobs done on a workstation,
this flag would always take effect whether it is in the foreground or
background. The editor is invoked with two files: the error message
file and the source file.
First use the error message file to locate the line numbers of all the
errors, then switch to the source file to make corrections. Once you
exit out of the editor, the compile job is restarted. This process can
be repeated up to 9 times, depending on the single digit number speci-
fied in the flag. If no number is specified, this compile-edit-compile
process repeats indefinitely until all errors are corrected. The
-edit0 flag turns off this edit feature.
-exact_version
Used in conjunction with -call_shared, this flag requests strict depen-
dency testing for the executable file produced. Executable files built
in this manner can only be executed if the shared libraries that they
use were not modified after the executable was built.
-E Run only the C macro preprocessor on the files and send the result to
the standard output.
-feedback file
Specify which file is to be used as a feedback file. This flag is used
with the -cord, -O2, or -O3 flag. This file is produced by prof with
its -feedback flag from an execution of the program produced by pixie.
-float_const
By default, all floating point constants are treated as double preci-
sion. The -float_const flag causes the C front end to inspect the
floating point value and treat the value as a float if it can be
represented as a single precision value. To ensure that this change has
no impact on standards conformance, this flag is disabled when strict
ANSI mode is specified on the compile command line (-std1) and the com-
piler issues a warning message.
-fp_reorder
Same as -assume noaccuracy_sensitive.
-framepointer
Assert the requirement of frame pointer for all procedures defined in
the source file. Not applicable to -migrate flag.
0 Do not produce symbol table information for symbolic debugging.
This is the default.
1 Produce symbol table information for accurate, but limited, sym-
bolic debugging of partially optimized code.
2 Produce symbol table information for full symbolic debugging and
suppress optimizations that limit full symbolic debugging.
3 Produce symbol table information for full symbolic debugging for
fully optimized code. This flag makes the debugger inaccurate.
-G num
Specify the maximum size, in bytes, of a data item that is to be put in
one of the small data sections. Data items in the small data sections
are more likely to be candidates for global pointer optimizations by
link-time optimizations. The num argument is interpreted as a decimal
number. The default value for num is 8 bytes.
-I Cause #include files never to be searched for in the standard direc-
tory, /usr/include.
-Idir
This flag specifies that #include files whose names do not begin with /
are always sought first in the directory of the file argument, then in
directories specified in -I flags, and finally in the standard direc-
tory, /usr/include.
-j Compile the specified source programs, and leave the ucode object file
output in corresponding files suffixed with .u. Not applicable to
-migrate flag.
-k Pass flags that start with a -k to the ucode loader. This flag is used
to specify ucode libraries (with -kl x) and other ucode loader flags.
Not applicable to -migrate flag.
output. This file
is not removed. If this file is compiled, the object file is left in a
file whose name consists of output with the suffix changed to .o. If
output has no suffix, a .o suffix is appended to output. Not applicable
to -migrate flag.
-M This flag is passed directly to cpp. See cpp(1) for details.
-MD This flag is passed directly to the preprocessor and linker. For more
information, see cpp(1) and ld(1).
-[no_]misalign
The -misalign flag specifies that code generated for indirect load
instructions and store instructions will not generate alignment faults
for arbitrarily aligned addresses. Using this flag increases the size
of generated code and might have a negative impact on performance.
The default condition is for code generated for indirect load instruc-
tions and store instructions to generate alignment faults for arbi-
trarily aligned addresses.
The -no_misalign flag negates the -misalign flag.
-no_archive
Prevent the linker from using archive libraries to resolve symbols.
flag is position sensitive in that it affects only those flags and
variables that follow it on the command line. This flag can also be
used more than once on the command line.
-no_cpp
Do not run the C macro preprocessor on C and assembly source files
before compiling. Not applicable to -migrate flag.
-no_inline
Disable the inlining optimization performed under the -O3 flag. This
flag is meaningful only when -O3 is specified.
-nocurrent_include
This flag is passed directly to the preprocessor. For more information,
see cpp(1).
-no_pg
Prevent gprof profiling for the object immediately following this flag.
Can be used in conjunction with the -pg to toggle call-graph profiling
on and off.
-non_shared
Do not produce a dynamic executable file. The loader uses regular
archives to resolve undefined symbols and object files (.o suffix) from
archives that are included in the executable produced.
-o output
Name the final output file output. If this flag is used, the file
a.out is undisturbed.
-O flag invokes the ucode optimizer. The
0 Turn off all optimizations.
1 Turn on all optimizations that can be done quickly. This is the
default.
2 Invoke the global ucode optimizer.
3, 4
Do all optimizations, including global register allocation and pro-
cedure inlining. This flag must precede all source file arguments.
If the -c flag is also specified, optimizations are restricted so
that shared library symbol preemption behavior is preserved. If -c
is not specified, a ucode object file is created for each C source
file and left in a .u file. The newly created ucode object files,
the ucode object files specified on the command line, the run-time
startup routine, and all the run-time libraries are ucode linked.
Optimization is done on the resulting ucode linked file which is
then linked as normal producing an a.out file. No resulting .o file
is left from the ucode linked result.
-oldcomment
In the preprocessor, delete comments (replace comments with nothing at
all), rather than replacing comments with a space. This allows tradi-
tional token concatenation. This is the default in -std0 mode.
-Olimit num
Specify the maximum size, in basic blocks, of a routine that will be
optimized by the global optimizer. If a routine has more than this
number of basic blocks it will not be optimized and a message will be
printed. A flag specifying that the global optimizer is to be run (-O,
-O2, or -O3) must also be specified. The num is assumed to be a
decimal number. The default value for num is 500 basic blocks. Not
applicable to -migrate flag.
-om Perform code optimization after linking, including nop (No Operation)
removal, .lita removal, and reallocation of common symbols. This flag
also positions the global pointer register so the maximum addresses
fall in the global pointer/-accessible window. The -om flag is sup-
ported only for programs compiled with the -non_shared flag. The fol-
lowing options can be passed directly to -om by using the -WL compiler
flag:
-WL,-om_compress_lita
Removes unused .lita entries after optimization, and then
compresses the .lita section.
-WL,-om_dead_code
Removes dead code (unreachable instructions) generated after apply-
ing optimizations. The .lita section is not compressed by this
flag.
-WL,-om_ireorg_feedback,file
U
to reorganize the instructions to reduce cache thrashing.
Turn off instruction scheduling.
-WL,-om_no_align_labels
Turn off alignment of labels. Normally, the -om flag will quadword
align the targets of all branches to improve loop performance.
-WL,-om_Gcommon,num
Set size threshold of "common" symbols. Every "common" symbol whose
size is less than or equal to num will be allocated close to each
other. This flag can be used to improve the probability that the
symbol can be accessed directory from the global pointer register.
Normally, the om tries to collect all "common" symbols together.
-p flag prepares for profiling by
periodically sampling the value of the program counter. This flag
affects only the loading, so that when loading occurs, the standard
run-time startup routine is replaced by the profiling run-time startup
routine (mcrt0.o) and the level 1 profiling library (libprof1.a) is
searched. When you use the -p and -threads flags together, the
libprof1_r.a profiling library is used.
When profiling begins, the startup routine calls monstartup (see moni-
tor(3)) and produces a file named mon.out which contains execution-
profiling data for use with the postprocessor prof).
0 Do not permit any profiling. This is the default. If loading
occurs, the standard run-time startup routine (crt0.o) is used, and
no profiling library is searched.
1 Same as -p.
-pg Set up for profiling with the gprof profiler, which produces a call
graph showing the execution of a C program. With this flag, the stan-
dard run-time startup routine is replaced by the gcrt0.o routine. Pro-
grams that are linked with the -pg flag and then run will produce the
files gmon.out, containing a dynamic call graph and profile, and
gmon.sum, which contains a summarized dynamic call graph and profile.
You then run gprof on the gmon.out file to display the output. When
you use the -pg and -threads flags together, the profiling library
libprof1_r.a is used. For more information, see the gprof(1) reference
page.
-proto[is]
Extract prototype declarations for function definitions into a .H suf-
fixed file. The suboption i includes identifiers in the prototype, and
the suboption s generates prototypes for static functions as well. Not
implemented for the -migrate flag.
-P Run only the C macro preprocessor and put the result for each source
file (by suffix convention, such as .c and .s) in a corresponding .i
file. The .i file has no # lines in it. This sets the -cpp flag.
-Q This flag is passed directly to cpp. See cpp(1) for details.
-readonly_strings
Make all string literals readonly. If you attempt to write to a
readonly string you might experience unpredictable results, such as a
segmentation fault.
-std0.
The -std flag enforces the ANSI C standard with popular extensions.
and causes the macro __STDC__=0 to be passed to the preprocessor.
0 Enforce the K & R standard with some ANSI extensions, and causes
the __STDC__ macro to be undefined.
1 Enforce the ANSI C standard and causes the macro __STDC__=1 to be
passed to the preprocessor. Note that the -std1 flag also affects
linker defined symbols. See the ld(1) reference page for more
information.
-S Compile the specified source programs and leave the symbolic assembly
language output in corresponding files suffixed with .s. Not imple-
mented for the -migrate flag.
-taso
Tell the linker that the executable file should be loaded in the lower
31-bit addressable virtual address range. The -T and -D flags to the ld
command can also be used to ensure that the text and data segments
addresses, respectively, are loaded into low memory.
The -taso flag, however, in addition to setting default addresses for
text and data segments, also causes shared libraries linked outside the
31-bit address space to be appropriately relocated by the loader. If
you specify -taso and also specify text and data segment addresses with
-T and -D, those addresses override the -taso default addresses. The
-taso flag is useful for porting 32-bit programs to DEC OSF/1.
-threads
Tell the linker to use the threadsafe version of libc, and - if it
exists - the threadsafe version of any library specified with the -l
flag, when linking programs. This flag also tells the linker to
include libpthreads and its support libraries when linking with a pro-
gram. Note that when you use this flag, it should appear last on the
command line.
-traditional
Is the same as the -std0 flag.
-trapuv
Force all uninitialized stack variables to be initialized with
0xfffa5a5afffa5a5a. When this value is used as a floating point vari-
able, it is treated as a floating point NaN and it causes a floating
point trap. When it is used as a pointer, an address or segmentation
violation will most likely occur.
-tune option
Selects processor-specific instruction tuning for implementations of
the Alpha AXP architecture. Regardless of the setting of the -tune
flag, the generated code will run correctly on all implementations of
the Alpha AXP architecture. Tuning for a specific implementation can
provide improvements in runtime performance. It is possible that code
tuned for a specific target may run slower on another target.
The option keyword can be one of the following:
generic
Selects instruction tuning that is appropriate for all
implementations of the Alpha AXP architecture. This option is the
default.
host
Selects instruction tuning that is appropriate for the machine on
which the code is being compiled.
ev4 Selects instruction tuning for the 21064, 21064A, 21066, and 21068
implementations of the Alpha AXP architecture.
ev5 Selects instruction tuning for the 21164 implementation of the
Alpha AXP architecture.
-Uname
Remove any initial definition of name.
-v Print the passes as they execute with their arguments and their input
and output files. Also print resource usage in the C-shell time for-
mat. If specified more than once, the passes are printed but not exe-
cuted.
-verbose
Cause output of the long form of error and warning messages. These may
give the user some hints as to the reason the compilation failed.
-V Print the version of the driver and the versions of all passes. This
is done with the what command. Not implemented for the -migrate flag.
-w flag
1 Suppress warning messages. Same as -w.
2 Abort on warnings after printing them as if an error occurred.
3 Do not print warning messages, however exit with nonzero status
when warnings occur.
-warnprotos
Cause the compiler to produce warning messages when a function is
called that is not declared with a full prototype. This checking is
more strict than required by ANSI C.
-writable_strings
Make string literals writable. This is the default.
-x Do not preserve local (non-.globl) symbols in the output symbol table;
enter external and static symbols only. This flag, which cc passes to
ld, saves space in the output file.
-xtaso
Cause the compiler to respond to the #pragma pointer_size preprocessor
directives which control pointer size allocations. This flag allows
you to specify 32-bit pointers when used in conjunction with the pragma
pointer_size directive. You must place pragmas where appropriate in
your program to use 32-bit pointers. Images built with this flag must
be linked with the -taso flag in order to run correctly. See the
Programmer's Guide for information on #pragma pointer_size.
-xtaso_short
Force the compiler to allocate 32-bit pointers by default. You can
still use 64-bit pointers, but only by the use of pragmas.
-signed
Cause all char declarations to be signed char declarations. This is the
default.
-unsigned
Cause all char declarations to be unsigned char declarations. This is
usually used to override a previous -signed flag.
-volatile
Cause all variables to be treated as volatile.
-varargs
Print warnings for lines that may require the varargs.h macros.
-float
Cause the compiler to never promote expressions of type float to type
double.
To facilitate setting of default compiler options for cross compilation
environments, use the option configuration file named comp.config. This
file, located at the compiler target directory, contains a single line of
ASCII text of compiler options. These options are processed ahead of the
user-specified options in the command line. The line can be up to BUFSIZ-1
long, with up to 64 tokens (separated by blanks and tabs). Flags specified
in the command line override those specified in the configuration file.
The following flags primarily aid compiler development and are not gen-
erally used:
-Hc Halt compiling after the pass specified by the character c, producing
lowing: [ fjusmoca ]. It selects the compiler pass in the same way as
the -t flag. If this flag is used, the symbol table file produced and
used by the passes is the last component of the source file with the
suffix changed to .T and is not removed.
-K Build and use intermediate file names with the last component of the
source file's name replacing its suffix with the conventional suffix
for the type of file (for example .B file for binary ucode, produced by
the front end). These intermediate files are never removed even when a
pass encounters a fatal error. When ucode linking is performed and the
-K flag is specified, the base name of the files created after the
ucode link is u.out by default. If -ko output is specified, the base
name of the object file, if it exists, is output without the suffix, or
suffixes are appended to output if it has no suffix.
-Wc[c...],arg1,[arg2...]
Pass the argument, or arguments, argi to the compiler pass, or passes:
piler pass in the same way as the -t flag.
The flags from the set -t [hpfjusmocablyzrntL], -hpath, and -Bstring select
a name to use for a particular pass, startup routine, or standard library.
These arguments are processed from left to right so their order is signifi-
cant. When the -B flag is encountered, the selection of names takes place
using the last -h and -t flags. Therefore, the -B flag is always required
when using -h or -t. Sets of these flags can be used to select any combi-
nation of names.
The -p[01] flags must precede all -B flags because they can affect the
location of run times and what run times are used.
Use the -t [hpfjusmocablyzrntL] suboptions to select the names. The names
selected are those designated by the characters following the -t flag
according to the following table:
_________________________________________
Name Character
_________________________________________
include h (see note following table)
cfe p, f
ujoin j
uld u
usplit s
umerge m
uopt o
ugen c
as0 a
as1 b
ld l
ftoc y
cord z
[m]crt0.o r
libprof1.a n
btou, utob t
om L
_________________________________________
If the character h is in the -t argument, a directory is added to the list
of directories to be used in searching for #include files. This directory
name has the form $COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/includestring. This directory is to
contain the include files for the string release of the compiler. The
standard directory is still searched.
-hpath Use path rather than the directory where the name is normally
found.
-Bstring Append string to all names specified by the -t flag. If no -t
flag has been processed before the -B, the -t flag is assumed to
be hpfjusmocablyzrntL. This list designates all names.
If no -t argument has been processed before the -B, then a
Invoking the compiler with a name of the form ccstring has the same effect
as using a -Bstring flag on the command line.
If the environment variable COMP_HOST_ROOT is set, the value is used as the
root directory for all pass names rather than the default directory, which
is /. If the environment variable COMP_TARGET_ROOT is set, the value is
used as the root directory for all include and library names rather than
the default /. This affects the standard directory for #include files,
/usr/include, and the standard library, /usr/lib/libc.a. If this is set,
th
$COMP_TARGET_ROOT/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc. The standard directories for
libraries are then searched. See ld(1).
If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, the value is used as the direc-
tory to place any temporary files rather than the default /tmp/.
If the environment variable RLS_ID_OBJECT is set, the value is used as the
name of an object to link in if a link takes place. This is used to add
release identification information to objects. It is always the last
object specified to the loader.
The user can choose which error message file to use at the time the com-
piler is invoked. The following locations are searched (in order):
1. A file name specified on the command line.
2. A file specified by the environment variable __ERROR_FILE.
3. A file in the same directory as the resulting binary, with file name
err.$__LANG.cc, where $__LANG is the value of the environment variable
__LANG. The default for __LANG is english.
4. A file err$__LANG.cc in the current directory.
5. If none of the previous locations are present, the file
/usr/lib/cmplrs/err.cc is used.
The following flags determine the rounding mode applied to IEEE floating-
point instructions generated by the compiler. If you do not specify a -fprm
n flag, the IEEE floating-point rounding mode defaults to normal rounding.
-fprm n Normal rounding (unbiased round to nearest).
-fprm m Round toward minus infinity.
-fprm c Chopped rounding (round towards zero).
The following flag enables the dynamic setting of the rounding mode of IEEE
floating-point instructions. The dynamic rounding mode is determined from
the contents of the floating-point control register and can be changed or
read at execution time by a call to write_rnd or read_rnd. If you specify
-fprm d, the IEEE floating-point rounding mode defaults to normal rounding.
-fprm d Set rounding mode for IEEE floating-point instructions dynami-
cally.
The following flags provide support for exception handling:
-fptm n No floating point trapping modes.
-fptm u Trap floating point on underflow.
-fptm su Trap floating point on underflow with software completion.
-fptm sui Trap floating point on underflow or inexact with software comple-
tion.
-scope_safe
Ensure that any trap (such as floating overflow) is reported to
have occurred in the procedure or guarded scope that caused the
trap. Any trap occurring outside that scope is not reported to
have occurred in the procedure or guarded scope, with the excep-
tion of well-defined trapbs following jsrs.
-resumption_safe
Restrict all -scope_safe functionality plus the code generated in
trap shadows so that it is reexecutable.
-ieee_with_inexact
Provide full IEEE support. This flag sets the -resumption_safe
and -fptm sui compiler flags and marks the procedures as IEEE-
conformant. As a result, system library routines will handle
denormalized numbers, NaNs, and infinities, and return the
correct IEEE default value in error cases. In addition, the mac-
ros _IEEE_FP and _IEEE_FP_INEXACT are set.
The inexact value flag is set when the results of a computation
cannot be represented exactly, such as a division with a
remainder. The value of the flag can be examined by calling
ieee_get_fp_control(). (See ieee_get_fp_control(3) for more
information.)
This flag can result in significantly slower execution because
all computations that produce inexact results trap on Alpha sys-
tems prior to the 21164 implementation. The
-ieee_with_no_inexact flag provides many of the same features but
without the performance degradation. Use -ieee_with_inexact if
your program calls ieee_get_fp_control() to check the IEEE inex-
act value flag, set when the results of a computation cannot be
represented exactly, such as a division with a remainder. (See
ieee_get_fp_control(3) for more information.) Otherwise, use
-ieee_with_no_inexact.
-ieee_with_inexact, but set
only the -fptm su flag and _IEEE_FP macro. Programs compiled
with this flag run faster than those compiled with
-ieee_with_inexact, because they do not set the IEEE-specified
inexact value flag.
Use -ieee_with_no_inexact if your program does not call
ieee_get_fp_control(), but you want the other IEEE behaviors
described in -ieee_with_inexact. If you are not dealing with
denormalized numbers, NaNs, or infinities, do not specify either
flag. This produces the fastest possible performance.
Other arguments are assumed to be either linker flags for C-compatible
object files, typically produced by an earlier cc run, or perhaps libraries
of C-compatible routines. These files, together with the results of any
compilations specified, are loaded in the order given, producing an execut-
able program with the default name a.out.
The cc command recognizes position-sensitive linker flags and maintains
their relative order when it invokes the linker (ld). These flags are: -L,
-all, -exclude, -exported_symbol, -hidden, -hidden_symbol, -kl, -l, -none,
-non_hidden, and -no_archive. See the ld(1) reference page for a full
description of these flags.
THE -migrate FLAG
The -migrate flag enables language processing rules and language extensions
for the DEC C compilation environment.
Existing cc Command Flags Not Supported
When you specify the -migrate flag, the following cc flags are either not
applicable or not supported: -cpp, -j, -ko output, -k, -no_cpp, -proto[is],
-Olimit num, -S, and -V.
Default cc Flags
In the absence of any cc command line flags other than -migrate, the com-
piler uses the following defaults:
-std0 - Enforce the K & R standard with some ANSI extensions.
-g1 - Produce line number information for limited symbolic debugging.
-O1 - Enable all optimizations that can be done quickly.
-inline none - Do no inlining.
Flags to Improve Run-Time Performance
In addition to the list of cc flags in the DESCRIPTION section of this
reference page that can be used together to improve run-time performance,
the following flags can be used with the -migrate flag:
++ -O4 (in place of -O3)
++ -ifo
Additional cc Command Flags Supported
The -migrate flag enables the following additional cc command flags which
are native to the DEC C compilation environment, but not part of the DEC
OSF/1 cc compiler options:
-ansi_alias
Direct the compiler to assume the ANSI C aliasing rules. The aliasing
rules referred to are explained in Section 3.3, paragraphs 20 and 25 of
the ANSI C Standard, reprinted as follows:
An object shall have its stored value accessed only by an lvalue that
has one of the following types:
The declared type of the object,
A qualified version of the declared type of the object,
A type that is the signed or unsigned type corresponding to the
declared type of the object,
A type that is the signed or unsigned type corresponding to a quali-
fied version of the declared type of the object,
An aggregate or union type that includes one of the aforementioned
types among its members (including, recursively, a member of a
subaggregate or contained union), or
A character type.
If your program does not access the same data through pointers of a dif-
ferent type (and for this purpose, signed and qualified versions of an
otherwise same type are considered to be the same type), then assuming
ANSI C aliasing rules allows the compiler to generate better optimized
code.
If your program does access the same data through pointers of a dif-
ferent type (for example, by a "pointer to int" and a "pointer to
float"), then you must not allow the compiler to assume ANSI C aliasing
rules. Otherwise, incorrect code might be generated.
The default is to assume no ANSI C aliasing rules when compiling with
the -vaxc or -std0 flag. The default is -ansi_alias for the other com-
piler modes (-std, -std1).
-assume aligned_objects flag, the default, allows the compiler to
make such an assumption, and thereby generate more efficient code for
pointer dereferences of aligned pointer types.
The -assume noaligned_objects prevents the compiler from assuming the
pointer type's alignment for objects that it points to.
The compiler assumes that pointers point to objects that are aligned at
least as much as the alignment of the pointer type. For example:
++
A pointer of type short points to objects that are at least short-
aligned.
++
A pointer of type int points to objects that are at least int-aligned.
++
A pointer of type struct truct points to objects that have an align-
ment of struct truct (that is, the alignment of the strictest member
alignment, or byte alignment if you have specified #pragma
nomember_alignment for struct truct).
If your module breaks this rule, you must use the
-assume noaligned_objects flag to compile the module; otherwise, your
program may get alignment faults during execution that will degrade per-
formance.
On AXP systems, the compiler aligns all nonmember declarations on
natural boundaries, so by default all objects do comply with the previ-
ous assumption.
-check
Perform compile-time code checking. With this flag, the compiler checks
for code that exhibits nonportable behavior, represents a possible unin-
tended code sequence, or possibly affects operation of the program
because of a quiet change in the ANSI C Standard. Some of these checks
have traditionally been associated with the lint utility.
-gen_feedback
Generate accurate profile information to be used with -feedback optimi-
zations. It should be used in the compiling and linking phases. When
compiling a program for profiling, add -gen_feedback to your existing
set of command line flags. The -feedback flag should not be used when
generating profile information.
-inline keyword
Provide inline expansion of functions that yield optimized code when
they are expanded. Functions must conform to the rules specified in the
description of the #pragma inline preprocessor directive to be eligible
for inline expansion. In choosing calls to expand inline the compiler
also considers the function size, how often the call is executed, how
many registers the inline expansion will require, and other factors.
You can specify one of the following as the keyword to control inlining:
none
No inlining is done, even if requested by a #pragma inline prepro-
cessor directive. This is the default when compiling with -O0 and
-O1 optimization level).
manual
Inlines only those function calls explicitly requested for inlining
by a #pragma inline directive. This is the default when compiling
with the -O2 and -O3 flags.
size
Inlines all of the function calls in the manual category, plus any
additional calls that the compiler determines would improve run-time
performance without significantly increasing the size of the pro-
gram. This is the default when compiling with -O, -O4, or -O5.
speed
Inlines all of the function calls in the manual category, plus any
additional calls that the compiler determines would improve run-time
performance, even where it may signficantly increase the size of the
program.
all Inlines every call that can be inlined while still generating
correct code. Recursive routines, however, will not cause an infin-
ite loop at compile time.
For optimization level 0 (-O0), the -inline flag is ignored and no
inlining is done. The #pragma noinline preprocessor directive can also
be used to prevent inlining of any function.
-machine_code
List the generated machine code in the listing file. To produce the
listing file, you must also specify -source_listing. The default is to
not list the generated machine code.
#pragma member_alignment,
#pragma nomember_alignment, or #pragma pack directives within the source
code overrides the setting established by this flag.
-noobject
Suppress creation of an object module file. By default, an object module
file is created with the same name as that of the first source file of a
compilation unit and with the .o file extension.
Use the -noobject flag when you need only a listing of a program or when
you want the compiler to check a source file for errors.
-O flag without a value enables
inline expansion of small procedures. Symbol preemption with shared
libraries is only supported at optimization levels -O0, -O1, -O2 and
following:
0 Disables all optimizations.
1 Enables local optimizations and recognition of common
subexpressions. The call graph determines the order of compilation
of procedures. This is the default.
2 Enables global optimization. This includes code motion, strength
reduction and test replacement, split lifetime analysis, and code
scheduling.
3 Enables additional global optimizations that improve speed (at the
cost of extra code size). For example: integer multiplication and
division expansion (using shifts), loop unrolling, and code replica-
tion to eliminate branches.
4 Enable inline expansion of small procedures. (Same as -O.) This is
the recommended optimization level for working in the DEC C environ-
ment.
5 Enables the following additional optimizations:
Software pipelining using dependence analysis
Vectorization of some loops on 8-bit and 16-bit data (char and
short)
Insertion of NOP instructions to improve scheduling.
To determine whether using -O5 benefits your particular program, you should
time program execution for the same program compiled at levels -O4 and -O5.
-ifo
Provide improved optimization (inter-file optimization) and code genera-
tion across file boundaries that would not be available if the files
were compiled separately. In previous Versions of the DEC OSF/1 operat-
ing system, this flag was known as -plus_list_optimize.
When you specify -ifo on the command line in conjunction with a series
of file specifications, the compiler does not concatenate each of the
specified source files together. Instead, each file is treated
separately for purposes of parsing, except that the compiler will issue
diagnostics about conflicting external declarations and function defini-
tions that occur in different files. For purposes of code generation,
the compiler treats the files as one application. The default is to not
provide inter-file optimization.
-portable
Place the compiler in VAX C mode and enable the issuance of diagnostics
that warn about any nonportable usages encountered.
-show keyword[,keyword,...]
Specify one or more items to be included in the listing file. When
specifying multiple keywords, separate them by commas (with no interven-
ing blanks). To use any of the -show keywords, you must also specify the
-source_listing option. The -show keywords are as follows:
none
Turn off all show options.
all
Turn on all show options.
[no]expansion
Place final macro expansions in the program listing. When you specify
expansion, the number printed in the margin indicates the maximum
depth of macro substitutions that occur on each line.
[no]header
Produce header lines at top of each page of listing.
[no]include
Place contents of #include files in program listing.
[no]source
Place source program statements in program listing.
[no]statistics
Place compiler performance statistics in the program listing.
The default is to show page headers and source
( -show header, source).
-source_listing
Produce a source program listing file with the same name as the source
file and with a file extension of .lis. You must specify this qualifier
to get a listing. The default is to not produce a listing file.
-unroll n unrolls loop bodies n times. Specifying -unroll 0 means the
optimizer uses its own default unroll amount. The default is -unroll 0.
-vaxc
Place the compiler in VAX C compatibility mode. This mode of compilation
allows the same language as the ANSI C language, but also supports VAX C
extensions that are incompatible with the ANSI C Standard and that
change the language semantics. This mode provides compatibility for pro-
grams that depend on old VAX C behavior.
-w0
Display all levels of compiler messages. By default, informational mes-
sages are suppressed.
ERRORS
The diagnostics produced by cc are intended to be self-explanatory. Occa-
sional messages may be produced by the assembler or loader.
FILES
file.c input file
file.o object file
a.out loaded output
err.english.cc
compiler error messages in English
/tmp/ctm? temporary
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/comp.config
compiler configuration file (optional)
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/cfe
C front end
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/cpp
C macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/ujoin
binary ucode and symbol table joiner
/usr/bin/uld
ucode loader
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/usplit
binary ucode and symbol table splitter
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/umerge
procedure integrator
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/uopt
optional global ucode optimizer
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/om
post-link optimizer
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/ugen
code generator
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/as0
symbolic to binary assembly language translator
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/as1
binary assembly language assembler and reorganizer
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/crt0.o
run-time startup
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/mcrt0.o
startup for profiling
/usr/ccs/lib/libc.a
standard library, see intro(3)
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/libprof1.a
level 1 profiling library
/usr/include
standard directory for #include files
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/ftoc
interface between prof and cord
/usr/lib/cmplrs/cc/cord
procedure-rearranger
/usr/bin/btou
binary to symbolic ucode translator
/usr/bin/utob
symbolic to binary ucode translator
mon.out file produced for analysis by prof
gmon.out file produced for analysis by gprof
RELATED INFORMATION
ANSI X3.159-1989
B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language
B.
D. M. Ritchie, C Reference Manual
Assembly Language Programmer's Guide
as(1), cord(1), decladebug(1), dbx(1), ftoc(1), ld(1), pixie(1), prof(1),
what(1), monitor(3)
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